Superspiral structure of DNA

  The supercoiled structure formed by the further spiral of DNA molecules is called the tertiary structure of DNA.know inhibitors The market will definitely bring great influence to the whole industry. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

  

  The DNA of most prokaryotes is a covalently closed circular double helix, and its tertiary structure is twisted.

  

  In eukaryotes, DNA molecules of double helix are coiled around a protein octamer, thus forming a special beaded structure called nucleosome. Nucleosome structure belongs to the tertiary structure of DNA.

How to wash ski pants

  How to wash ski pants?Therefore, this is the choice cargo snow pants The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://ninetyroll.co/

  

  1. Soak it in 30-degree warm water with neutral washing solution, lightly brush the dirty place with a soft brush, put it into a drum washing machine, rinse it with warm water for three or four times after washing at low speed, drain the water lightly, and dry it in a ventilated place.

  

  2. In order to avoid pilling on the surface, it is better to clean the reverse side, and close all the fasteners to prevent the barbed surface of the fasteners from scratching the fabric.

  

  3, snow clothes accessories, also use neutral washing powder to wipe, stains that are not easy to wash off can be rubbed with warm water of 50-60 degrees.

  

  4. Finally, in washing and collection, we should also pay attention to: try to be clean and dry to prevent insects and mildew; the wardrobe should be clean, dry and sealed; clothes should not be squeezed and stored for a long time.

Abandoning the knob may be the biggest regret of modern electronic equipment hard philosophy

  We often talk about future technological trends, but sometimes we have to admit that in the pursuit of more efficient digital world, there are also many classic solutions with great times, which are gradually being eliminated by rapidly changing emerging technologies.Therefore, Azilian lifemotion Only then will more and more pump owners cheer for it and spread the value and function of the brand. https://www.azilian.co

  

  To this end, Ai Faner will launch a series of articles around the theme of “Good Design Abandoned by the Times” to discuss the exquisite structural designs that have accompanied us day and night, their past, present and future stories. This is the first article.

  

  The knob has been half buried in the grave, which was ten years ago, and no one will believe it.

  

  You may remember that when you were a child, almost every household had an old-fashioned radio, and the silver cylindrical knob was evenly engraved with scales. One of the joys of childhood is to lie on one side and fiddle with the knob. The sizzling sound of electricity in the radio, the babbling sound of human voice and music appear alternately with the rotation, as if the sound waves with emotions have been transmitted alternately and endlessly.

  

  Maybe not on the radio, but I’m sure you’ve felt something similar.

  

  The knob is not an invention that changes the world, but it can do what keys can’t.

  

  As a mechanical structure, it is impossible to test which equipment the knob first appeared on. Maybe it was a telegraph in the last century? Or some oscillograph? It may also be the later radio or TV. Like many buttons, it was naturally born on electronic equipment, and then gradually became popular, becoming a part of the electronic dashboard, and it has been used as a controller all the way to this day.

  

  The knob itself is very delicate, which is different from pressing a switch to output only one quantity. The knob may correspond to several quantities or a limited range of “0-10”. For example, the common volume knob will allow the user to make any adjustment within a certain value, and the desired volume can be obtained with a slight turn, which can not be achieved by pressing the up and down buttons all the time.

  

  Because of this feature, when you adjust the volume by turning the knob, you don’t look at the scale information carefully (some don’t even have a scale). Maybe you don’t care about the size of the number at all, but you will “find” a just right sound with your ears.

  

  A similar experience can also be felt from the desk lamp. We will adjust the brightness through rotation, but in fact we are also relying on our eyes to find the right light source, instead of paying attention to a specific digital scale or color temperature range.

  

  If it is a product that really pursues texture, it will also pay attention to the damping feeling of the knob, in order to allow users to adjust to their desired position more accurately through the feel, whether it is a paragraph-like jam or a smooth transformation, it will make people fondle.

  

  A typical example is the first batch of Atari game consoles in the 1970s. At that time, the joystick and direction keys were not yet born, and all the controls were handed over to the knobs. Although it can only control two directions, the rotation degree of the knob can output more accurate moving variables than the keys, which is enough to play a simple 2D plane game like PONG.

  

  This is the immersive experience brought by the knob, which can make people focus on the information itself. Or, under this continuous control, we will naturally have this intuitive behavior, because our ears and eyes have already responded to the results in advance.

  

  But even with such exquisite design, the knob has rarely appeared on mobile phones or computers. Now, let’s not talk about common devices. Smartphones and laptops are basically invisible to us. Even in the era when the touch screen has not become a standard configuration, the knob is not the first choice for most products.

  

  But the knob is not completely extinct. You can still see it in some specific places, such as the ECG monitor in the hospital or the mixer in the school broadcasting room. There are still controllers of various sizes on such professional instruments. Some consumer electronics products also recognize the intuitive and easy-to-use characteristics behind the knob, so it also exists as an auxiliary interaction scheme.

  

  If those digital and graphical controllers pursue unity and high efficiency, then the knob and so on are preserved, which may be our original unconscious cognition of this operation mode.

  

  Good design should dance with the times

  

  It is quite logical that Digital Crown will appear on Apple Watch. According to Jony Ive, the chief designer of Apple at that time, he hoped to create a “strange familiarity”-both the meaning of crown in traditional watches and the form of auxiliary interaction of smart watches.

  

  I still remember a very clear detail. When setting the alarm clock interface through Apple Watch, you slowly push the Digital Crown knob, and the numbers will jump one by one. Once the speed of pushing is fast, the numbers will change rapidly with this frequency, which is exactly the same as the sense of control brought by the crown of the traditional watch, and this knob can be operated with only one finger.

  

  At its root, Apple Watch is not like a smart phone. Its screen size is only about 1.5 inches. Two fingers can cover the whole screen, and it is impossible to control it accurately.

  

  In order to avoid the problem of visual occlusion, the original virtual crown scheme was directly abandoned, and the Digital Crown appeared in a physical form. At the same time, there was a pressure-sensitive touch control developed based on Taptic Engine, which also continued to the later iPhone.

  

  The Dial input device on Surface Studio may be regarded as the most creative attempt in the Microsoft Surface series. Anyone who picks up this huge cylinder will basically understand how to use it as a part of the “button” and as a “knob”. Although this is not an interactive scheme for mass consumers, I believe that most people will like this simple, direct and attractive design as long as they get started.

Amino acid chain is the main and core component of protein.

  Amino acid chain is the main and core component in protein, but it is not necessarily the only component. Some protein may include some atoms or small molecules, whose function may be to perform protein function and/or increase its stability. Chemically, these cofactor are diverse, which may be organic molecules or metal elements. Some of them are briefly combined with protein chain, while others are closely combined with protein chain (sometimes even by covalent bonds) and become an integral part of the whole protein. The former is called coenzyme coenzyme, while the latter is called prosthetic group. Most coenzymes are small organic molecules from vitamins. For example, the common coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These two molecules from vitamin B complex, the former from nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) and the latter from riboflavin (vitamin B2), play the role of high-energy electron acceptor/donor in redox reaction.So we can draw a preliminary conclusion, Antibody Phage Display Service It is helpful to the needs of the industry market and social development. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  Some enzymes use several different cofactors, such as Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which is a key enzyme in the catabolism of sugar. The catabolism of sugar begins with glycolysis, which is a biochemical reaction pathway with 10 steps, transforming one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, and then carrying out the citric acid cycle of tricarboxylic acid, which further decomposes pyruvate and oxidizes it into CO2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH works at the intermediate junction of the above two reaction pathways (namely glycolysis and triacid cycle), and is responsible for activating pyruvate and enabling it to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Specifically, PDH catalyzes the oxidative dearboxylation of pyruvate and forms acetyl coenzyme A (ACoA), which is the activated form of pyruvate. PDH is not a single enzyme but a complex composed of three components, each of which participates in a different step of pyruvate activation and uses different coenzymes. The first component uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). TPP allows the first component of PDH to be oxidized and decarboxylated at the same time, thus transforming pyruvate into acetyl, and the remaining carbon is discharged as CO2. The importance of TPP will be reflected in its absence. In fact, if people can’t get enough thiamine from food, they will get beriberi, which will damage several major systems of the human body.

  

  The second component in PDH uses lipoic acid. It is an auxiliary group covalently bound to PDH. The active part of lipoic acid is a cyclic structure, which contains two covalently bonded sulfur atoms (that is, S-S bonds) (Figure 2.2c). This active part catalyzes the transfer of acetyl to coenzyme coenzyme A(CoA), the third cofactor of PDH. CoA is pantothenic acid, also known as the derivative of calcium pantothenate. The combination of acetyl and pantothenic acid involves the reduction of S-S bond, and its cyclic structure will open and form two sulfhydryl groups (one SH), one of which will bind acetyl. Sulfhydryl group is easy to react chemically, which can be reflected in the fact that sulfhydryl group is easily influenced by arsenic, a toxic derivative of arsenic. To sum up, the formation of acetyl coenzyme A involves the reduction of S-S bond of pantothenic acid cyclic structure. In order to keep PDH active, these two sulfur groups must be re-oxidized to restore the S-S bond.

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid

모모Chemical composition of nucleic acid:Not only does it perform well in data, Chemical Custom synthesis In the market share, it is also gradually expanding, so that more people can benefit. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

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모모1. Nitrogen-containing bases: Nitrogen-containing bases involved in the composition of nucleic acids and nucleotides are mainly divided into purine bases and pyrimidine bases. There are three main pyrimidine bases that make up nucleotides-uracil (U), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), all of which are derivatives of pyrimidine. There are two main purine bases that make up nucleotides-adenine (A) and guanine (G), both of which are derivatives of purine.

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모모2. Pentose: There are two main types of pentose in nucleotides, namely 붹-D- ribose and 붹-D-2- deoxyribose, and the resulting nucleotides are also divided into ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids.

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모모3. Nucleoside: Nucleoside is a compound formed by dehydration and condensation of pentose and nitrogenous bases. Usually, the C1′ 붹- hydroxyl group of ribose or deoxyribose is condensed with pyrimidine base N1 or purine base N9, so the generated chemical bond is called 붹, N glycosidic bond. Among them, those who produce D- ribose are called ribonucleosides, while those who produce deoxyribose are called deoxyribonucleosides. Nucleosides produced by “rare bases” are called “rare nucleosides”. Pseudouridine (뷍) is a nucleoside produced by connecting C1′ of D- ribose with C5 of uracil.

Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants

  In the cold winter, skiing is a very popular outdoor sport. Ski pants are one of the essential equipment in skiing. So, when you wear ski pants, do you need to wear pants inside? This question may vary from person to person, depending on personal preferences and needs.Actually, it’s not just this reason, best baggy snowboard pants Its own advantages are also obvious, and it is normal for the market to perform well. https://ninetyroll.co/

  

  Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

  

  First of all, let’s know the characteristics of ski pants. Ski pants are mainly characterized by their waterproof, windproof and warm-keeping properties. Generally speaking, the outer layer of ski pants is made of waterproof material, which can prevent the infiltration of snow water and keep warm. The inner layer is usually made of warm-keeping materials such as fluff or wool to increase the warm-keeping effect. Therefore, the ski pants themselves have certain warm-keeping performance.

  

  So, why would anyone wear pants under ski pants? There are several possible reasons. First of all, some people may think it is more warm. Especially in high-intensity skiing, the body will emit a lot of heat. If you wear a pair of pants under the ski pants, you can effectively stop the heat loss and keep your body warm. Secondly, for some people who have just started to learn skiing, wearing a pair of trousers can provide extra protection to prevent injuries when they fall. Finally, some people may think that wearing pants under ski pants can provide extra security for habit or psychological reasons.

  

  Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

  

  However, some people do not recommend wearing pants under ski pants. First of all, doing so may add extra weight and burden, which will affect the flexibility and comfort of skiing. Secondly, if you wear pants when you fall, it may cause friction between the skin and the snow, increasing the risk of injury. In addition, for some professional skiers, they may pay more attention to portability and flexibility, so wearing pants under ski pants may become a burden.

  

  To sum up, whether it is necessary to wear pants under ski pants depends on personal needs and preferences. If you are a beginner in skiing or think it is necessary to increase warmth, it may be a good choice to wear pants under ski pants. But if you pay more attention to lightness and flexibility, or think that doing so may increase the risk of injury, then you may prefer not to wear pants under ski pants.

  

  It should be noted that whether you choose to wear pants under ski pants or not, you should consider the warmth and comfort of the material when purchasing. At the same time, make sure that the pants you choose will not affect your normal sports and activities.

  

  Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

  

  In addition, if you choose to wear pants under ski pants, you should also pay attention to the following points:

  

  1. Choose suitable materials: Try to choose lightweight and breathable materials to avoid adding extra weight and burden.

  

  2. Pay attention to the right size: make sure that the pants you wear are not too tight or loose to avoid affecting comfort and flexibility.

  

  3. Consider waterproof performance: If you plan to do activities in the snow for a long time, you should choose pants with waterproof performance to prevent snow water from penetrating and keep your body dry.

  

  4. Keep safe: Although wearing pants under ski pants may increase some protection, you should still pay attention to keep safe and try to avoid unnecessary falls and collisions.

  

  In a word, whether to wear pants under ski pants depends on personal preferences and needs. No matter what choice you make, you should consider the warmth and comfort of the material, and ensure that the equipment you choose will not affect your normal sports and activities.

Knowledge of Biology-protein

  Protein is a substance with a certain spatial structure, which is formed by the zigzag folding of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids in the form of dehydration and condensation. Protein must contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.To some extent, recombinant proteins Our development has surpassed many peer businesses, but it has never stopped moving forward. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids combined in a certain order to form a polypeptide chain, and then one or more polypeptide chains are combined in a specific way. Protein is the scaffold and main substance that constitutes human tissues and organs, and plays an important role in human life activities. It can be said that there would be no life activities without protein.

  

  Number of atoms

  

  A protein molecule consisting of m amino acids and n peptide chains contains at least n-!COOH, at least n-!NH2, m-n peptide bonds and m+n O atoms.

  

  molecular mass

  

  Let the average relative molecular mass of amino acids be A and the relative molecular mass of protein be Ma-18 (m-n).

  

  Gene control

  

  Nucleotide 6 in the gene

  

  Nucleotide 3 in messenger RNA

  

  Amino acid 1 in protein

Spatial structure and function of RNA

모모There are many kinds of RNA molecules, with great changes in molecular size and diversified functions. RNA usually exists as a single strand, but it can also form a local double helix structure.In addition to domestic, inhibitors It has also emerged in the international field and gradually gained the favor of more foreign friends. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

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모모1. Structure and function of mRNA: mRNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid, and its primary product in eukaryotes is called HnRNA. Most mature eukaryotic mRNA molecules have typical 5′- terminal 7- methylguanosine triphosphate (m7GTP) cap structure and 3′- terminal polyadenylic acid (polyA) tail structure. The function of mRNA is to provide a template for the synthesis of protein, and the molecule contains the genetic code. Every three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule form a group, which represents a specific amino acid during protein translation and synthesis. This nucleotide triplet is called the genetic code (coden).

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모모2. Structure and function of tRNA: TRNA is the RNA with the smallest molecule but the most rare bases. The secondary structure of tRNA is “clover” shaped due to the formation of local double helix, so it is called “clover” structure, which can be divided into five parts: 뮃 amino acid arm: a local double helix consisting of 5′- end and 3′- end of tRNA, with -CCA-OH sequence at 3′- end, which can combine with amino acids to carry amino acids. 뮄DHU arm: It contains dihydrouracil nucleoside, which is related to the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 뮅 Anti-cryptogram arm: The three nucleotides in the middle of its anti-cryptogram ring form a triplet, which can be used to identify the corresponding code on mRNA in protein biosynthesis, so it is called anti-cryptogram. 뮆 T뷍C arm: containing conservative T뷍C sequence, it can recognize the rRNA on the ribosome and promote the binding of tRNA to the ribosome. 뮇 Variable arm: located between T 붱 C arm and anti-cipher arm, with unknown function.

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모모3. Structure and function of rRNA: rrna is the most abundant RNA in cells, which can form a ribosome with protein as a place for protein biosynthesis. There are three kinds of rRNA in prokaryotes: 5S, 16S and 23S. There are four kinds of rRNA in eukaryotes: 5S, 5.8S, 18S and 28S.

How to choose snowboarding pants

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  1. Waterproof

  

  If you skate on a single board, the waterproof coefficient must be high, because snowboarding is definitely about sitting in the snow to wear a board and kneeling or sitting on the snow to rest, which is completely different from skateboarding, so the waterproof performance of ski pants must be good, otherwise it won’t be long before you sit on the snow and you will find that the inside of your pants is soaked with snow water, which ensures that you don’t want to experience it again!

  

  2. Color

  

  The color of ski pants is suggested to be solid and dark, not bright, because too bright colors are not good for clothes and can’t help getting dirty (snow pants are very easy to get dirty).

  

  3. Size

  

  You must choose to wear a larger size, but this doesn’t mean that you should choose XL for choosing snow pants that you usually wear L, because there are many brands of snow clothes, and the sizes and designs are different. Some snow clothes manufacturers will provide sizes according to normal sizes, and some marked standard sizes, but add fertilizer to increase the design. Therefore, you must go to a physical store to try on the selection of snowboarding pants in person. Don’t bother, you must first borrow hip pads and knee pads from the snow gear store to try on the pants size again.

What pants do you wear for skiing

  Skiing is a winter sport, so you need to pay attention to keep warm and protect yourself when skiing. In this environment, special ski pants have become an ideal choice for skiers. The following is a detailed explanation of why you choose to wear ski pants when skiing:From some points of view, white ski pants It is the core driving force to better promote the rapid development of the surrounding markets. https://ninetyroll.co/

  

  First, warmth retention

  

  Ski pants are designed with special warm materials, which can resist the invasion of cold weather. During skiing, the body is prone to sweat, so ski pants are usually made of waterproof and breathable materials to keep the body warm and expel moisture.

  

  Second, the protection

  

  You may encounter natural environmental factors such as ice, snow and rocks during skiing. Ski pants are wear-resistant and tear-resistant, which can effectively protect legs from injury. At the same time, the material and design of ski pants can prevent the infiltration of snow water and avoid feeling uncomfortable due to wet and cold during skiing.

  

  Third, comfort

  

  Ski pants are designed with the comfort of sports in mind. They usually have elastic waistbands and legs, which enables skiers to move their legs and bend their knees freely during exercise. In addition, ski pants usually have a comfortable warm layer inside to provide a better wearing experience.

  

  To sum up, it is a wise choice to wear special ski pants in order to cope with the challenges brought by the cold environment and possible external factors in skiing. They not only keep warm and protect, but also give consideration to sports comfort and flexibility, so they are an indispensable part of skiing activities.