Yearly Archives: 2024

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China-Singapore, Beijing, July 16 (Reporter Sun Zifa) Springer Nature’s professional academic journal “Nature Astronomy” recently published a planetary science paper saying that researchers have discovered a potentially accessible underground tunnel originating from an open pit on the moon. Evidence of tunnel. The results of this study have enhanced people’s understanding of lunar geology and may become an ideal location for a lunar base, thus potentially serving as a refuge in future manned missions on the lunar surface.

The paper said that more than 200 craters known as skylights have been discovered on the lunar surface, some of which were formed after the collapse of underground lava tubes. Accessible lava tubes or channels may provide a warmer environment than the lunar surface, but it has previously been uncertain whether they can lead to large underground caves.

In this study, co-authors of the paper, LC and LB of the University of Trento in Italy, and collaborators, analyzed radar data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and found that radar brightness on the west side of the crater increased. Jinghai Crater is the deepest known crater on the moon, with a radius of approximately 100 meters, with vertical or overhanging walls and a sloping bottom.

The authors of the paper used radar images to conduct simulations and found that these observations could be explained by the presence of a cave void or pipe spreading from the west side of the bottom of the pit. They estimate that the pipeline is located at a depth of 130-170 meters, 30-80 meters long and about 45 meters wide. The cave may be flat or inclined at an angle of up to 45 degrees and may be accessible.

The authors concluded that the pipes or channels discovered in this study may be a common feature under the lunar plains, and that the Jinghai Pit and its channels may be an ideal site for a potential lunar base. The method used in the study may also be suitable for evaluating and characterizing other lunar craters to discover more channels.

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According to a report by Russian Satellite News Agency on March 17, government officials in the Russian-controlled Zaporozhye region told reporters on the 17th that an assassination attempt against a close friend of Russian President Vladimir Putin was foiled in the city of Berdyansk in the region.

According to reports, Vladimir Rogov, a senior official of the local administration in Zaporozhye, revealed that the authorities had stopped an assassination plot involving a confidant of Russian President Vladimir Putin.

He said: Ukraine terrorists planned the attack but did not succeed. Their criminal plans were thwarted by professional actions by the Russian secret service.

Rogoff added that all those involved in the planning of the terrorist attack will be hunted down.

The 17th is the last day of voting in the Russian presidential election. (Compiled by Wei Yudong)

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Russia announces: repelled all cross-border attacks, killing 550 people in Uzbekistan

Reference News Report on March 17 According to a report by Russian Satellite News Agency on March 17, Russian Presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov told reporters that the military would routinely report Uzbekistan’s attacks on Russian territory to President Putin.

He pointed out: Putin received reports from the military that Ukrainian troops recently attempted to attack Russian territory in Belgorod and Kursk regions.

Reported that Peskov said that all attacks were successfully repelled, while 1700 of the 2500 saboteurs were killed and 550 people were killed.

He also said that in the early morning of the 16th, the enemy also tried several times to invade Belgorod and Kursk regions. The Ukraine saboteurs ultimately failed and failed even to get close to the Russian border. Peskov said that the enemy lost nearly 70% of its personnel.

The report also said that on the 16th, Russian troops thwarted Ukrainian saboteurs ‘attempts to cross the border from the direction of Popovka, a residential area in Sumizhou, and from Spodaliushno and Kozinka in Belgorod Oblast. The Ukrainian army lost about 30 soldiers, 3 tanks, 2 armored fighting vehicles, a Czech-made vampire multiple rocket launcher and a Hail multiple rocket launcher under bombing and shelling.

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According to a report by the TASS news agency on March 18, Russian Presidential Press Secretary Peskov told the media on the 18th that Russia does not agree with the US authorities ‘evaluation of the Russian presidential election and is not prepared to take this evaluation seriously.

Earlier, an official of the White House National Security Council said that the U.S. authorities believed that the Russian presidential election was neither free nor fair.

Reported that Peskov pointed out: We absolutely disagree with this evaluation. In a speech to the media late on the 17th, President Putin said that this evaluation was completely unexpected and foreseeable.

Peskov also said that the United States has been deeply involved in the Ukraine conflict and is in fact a country at war with Russia. Russia certainly does not expect it to make other evaluations. He also said that what Russia needs to reiterate is that we never agree with them, which may not be an opinion we are prepared to take seriously or that is important to us in these days.

Russia’s presidential election was held from March 15 to 17, and some regions of Russia adopted remote electronic voting for the first time. After counting 9943% of the votes, the Russian Central Election Commission announced that current President Vladimir Putin was far ahead in the general election with a vote rate of 8732%. (Compiled by Liu Yang)

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Russian President Vladimir Putin said on the 13th that he would redeploy troops on the border between Russia and Finland in response to Finland’s accession to NATO, UPI reported on March 13.

Reported that Putin said in an interview with Russian state media that from the perspective of safeguarding national interests, the actions of Finland and Sweden are absolutely meaningless.

We used to have a good relationship with Finland on the whole, he said. It’s perfect. The two countries do not covet each other, especially territorial claims, let alone other areas. We didn’t even have troops at the border; we withdrew all our troops from the Finnish border.

But this is their decision, Putin said. Now that they have decided that we did not have troops there in the past, we will have them now.

It is reported that in 2022, shortly after Russia sent troops to Ukraine, Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO. Finland became a member of NATO in April last year, and Sweden did not formally join until last week because of opposition from Hungary and Turkey.

Putin’s remarks came after Finnish Prime Minister Peter Riolpo told the European Parliament in Strasbourg that other EU countries must follow Finland’s example and strengthen security in marginal areas. (compiled by Wang Dongdong)

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Putin warns the West: ready for nuclear war

Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned the West that Russia is technically ready for a nuclear war and that if the United States sends troops to Ukraine, it will be seen as a major escalation of the war, Reuters reported on March 13.

Putin accepted a joint interview with Russia-1 Channel and Russian News Agency on the 12th. The program about this interview was officially broadcast on the 13th.

In response to the question of whether Russia is really ready to fight a nuclear war, Putin said: from the perspective of military technology, we are certainly ready, the report said.

Putin pointed out that the United States understands that if it deploys US troops on Russian territory or in Ukraine, Russia will regard this as intervention. So while I don’t think it’s all in a hurry to [nuclear confrontation” target=_blank>, we are ready for it, he said.

The conflict in Ukraine triggered the most serious crisis in relations between Russia and the West since the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. Putin has repeatedly warned that if the West sends troops to fight in Ukraine, it could lead to a nuclear war.

In the interview, Putin reiterated that the use of nuclear weapons is something already stated in the Kremlin’s nuclear policy, which sets out the possible use of nuclear weapons by Russia.

Putin said: weapons exist to use them. We have our own principles.

The report also said that for the conflict in Ukraine, which has lasted for two years, Putin said that Russia is ready to hold serious talks on the Ukraine issue.

Putin said: Russia is ready to negotiate on Ukraine, but the negotiations should be based on reality, not on desire after the use of psychotropic substances.

Reuters reported last month that Putin’s proposal to cease fire in Ukraine to freeze the war was rejected by the United States after middlemen between Russia and the United States.

According to the report, he also said in an interview that if the United States conducts a nuclear test, Russia may do the same.

We may not have to consider this issue, but I do not rule out the possibility that we will do the same, he said. (compiled by Longjun)

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Brussels, March 18 (Reporter Fu Yiming) The European Council announced on the 18th that it will allocate another 5 billion euros to provide military assistance to Ukraine.

The Council of the European Union said in a press release on the same day that it decided to set up a special Ukraine aid fund within the framework of the existing European Peace Fund and allocate 5 billion euros to provide military assistance to Ukraine.

The communiqué said that the Ukraine Aid Fund will enable the EU to further meet the changing needs of the Ukraine armed forces by providing lethal and non-lethal military equipment and training; the fund complements military assistance provided to Ukraine by EU member states.

In March 2021, the Council of the European Union approved the establishment of the European Peace Fund, which aims to enhance the EU’s capabilities in the fields of conflict prevention, peace-building and strengthening international security. The fund is not included in the EU’s fiscal budget. After multiple additions, the fund’s total budget ceiling for the period from 2021 to 2027 currently exceeds 17 billion euros.

Data released by the European Union shows that since the Russia-Ukraine conflict escalated in February 2022, the European Union and its member states have provided or promised to provide more than 138 billion euros in various assistance to Ukraine, of which 28 billion euros are military assistance.

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Beijing, March 21 / PRNewswire-Asianet /– title: expose the lies and conspiracies of the Marcos government on the Huangyan Island issue

Reporter Liu Zan

Recently, the government of Marcos in the Philippines has continued to provoke trouble on the South China Sea issue, including on Huangyan Island in China’s Zhongsha Islands. China has indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea islands and their adjacent sea domain names, including Huangyan Island, and has sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the names of the relevant sea areas. The Marcos government’s claim of sovereignty over Huangyan Island is purely vexatious, and it is a backlash to discredit China on issues related to Huangyan Island and the South China Sea. Relying on provocative forces outside the domain name to stir up trouble on the South China Sea issue will only undermine regional peace and stability and lack the support of regional countries.

Vexatious plot to encroach on islands and reefs

Foreign Ministry spokesman Mao Ning said at a regular press conference on the 5th that the Philippine Senate passed the so-called maritime zone domain name bill in a vain attempt to solidify the illegal award in the South China Sea arbitration case in the form of domestic legislation, illegally including the names of most islands and reefs and related sea areas in China’s Huangyan Island and Nansha Islands into their maritime area domain names, seriously infringing upon China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea. The Chinese side firmly opposes this and has made solemn representations to the Philippines.

Since the beginning of this year, the Philippine Marcos government has been constantly provocative on Huangyan Island. On January 28, four Philippine personnel illegally intruded into the reef disk of Huangyan Island; from February 2 to 9, the Philippine Coast Police vessel 9701 illegally intruded into the domain name of the sea adjacent to Huangyan Island; on February 15, the Philippine Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Bureau 3005 vessel illegally intruded into the sea domain name adjacent to Huangyan Island; from 22 to 23 February, the Philippine Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Bureau 3002 vessel illegally intruded into the sea domain name adjacent to Huangyan Island. In these intrusive activities, Philippine vessels ignored the dissuasion and warnings of Chinese coast guard vessels, and when the warnings were invalid many times, the Chinese coast guard vessels took necessary measures to drive away Philippine vessels in accordance with the law, such as forcing outside the prison and route control. on-site operation is professional, legitimate, and rational and restrained.

China has indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea islands and their adjacent sea domain names, including Huangyan Island, and has sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the names of the relevant sea areas. These sovereignty and rights and interests are formed in the long-term historical practice and have sufficient historical and legal basis. China exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over Huangyan Island continuously, peacefully and effectively, including when the then Chinese Government approved and published the comparison list of the new and old names of the islands in the South China Sea in 1947, the name was designated as Democratic Reef. When New China announced some place names of the islands in the South China Sea in 1983, the standard name was Huangyan Island.

The territorial scope of the Philippines is determined by a series of international treaties, such as the 1898 Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, the Treaty on the cession of the Outer Islands of the Philippines in 1900, and the Treaty on the Boundary between British North Borneo and the Philippines in 1930. The South China Sea islands, including Huangyan Island, have never been part of the territory of the Philippines. Before 1997, the Philippines never challenged that Huangyan Island belonged to China and never made a territorial claim to Huangyan Island.

In April 2012, the government of Aquino III of the Philippines sent warships into the sea domain name near Huangyan Island, illegally arrested Chinese fishermen and fishing boats and inflicted serious inhumane treatment, deliberately provoking the Huangyan Island incident. Aquino III government launched the South China Sea arbitration case in 2013 and tried to deny China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea with the so-called arbitration results in 2016. However, territorial disputes do not fall within the adjustment scope of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and maritime delimitation disputes have also been excluded by China’s relevant declaration made in accordance with the Convention in 2006. The Philippine side’s move is a malicious abuse of the dispute settlement mechanism of the Convention and a violation of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The so-called arbitration ultra vires trial, perverts the law judgment, the so-called award is illegal and invalid.

Rumors and hype try to discredit China.

In order to discredit China, the Marcos government made up lies. Nazario Brigera, a spokesman for the Philippine Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Bureau, said on February 17 that Chinese fishermen used cyanide to fish on Huangyan Island and deliberately damaged local fishing grounds to prevent Filipino fishermen from fishing in the area’s domain name. However, Tariela, a spokesman for the Philippine Coast Guard, admitted to the Philippine media that the Philippines did not have any investigation or evidence to prove that Chinese or Vietnamese fishermen used cyanide fishing on Huangyan Island.

China attaches great importance to the protection of ecological and fishery resources in the South China Sea. China has implemented a summer fishing moratorium in the South China Sea since 1999, according to the White Paper “China insists on resolving disputes between China and the Philippines through negotiations” issued by the Chinese government in 2016. By the end of 2015, China had established six national aquatic nature reserves, six provincial aquatic nature reserves with a total area of 2.69 million hectares, and seven national aquatic germplasm reserves with a total area of 1.28 million hectares in the South China Sea.

The so-called environmental problem is just one of the tactics used by the Marcos government to discredit China. The Philippine side has tried every means to portray China as a bully in the South China Sea and dress itself up as a weak person who has been oppressed in an attempt to mislead international public opinion and put pressure on China.

Recently, Philippine ships often take reporters to report and hype when they invade Chinese islands and reefs, calling the reasonable and legitimate law enforcement measures of the Chinese coast police violent eviction. The British Radio has reported that allowing reporters to film close contact between Chinese and Philippine ships is part of a deliberate strategy by the Philippine government to draw attention to China’s brute force.

In fact, China has been committed to resolving the South China Sea issue through dialogue and negotiations. In 2002, China and ASEAN countries signed the Declaration on the Conduct of parties in the South China Sea, jointly promising that the sovereign countries directly concerned should resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes peacefully through friendly consultations and negotiations. In recent years, China and ASEAN countries have actively promoted consultations on a code of conduct in the South China Sea. On the other hand, the Philippine side reneged on its commitments in the “Declaration” and a series of bilateral documents with the Chinese side, insisted on invading Chinese islands and reefs, and deliberately rammed the Chinese coast guard ship in defiance of dissuasion and warning, and what it did can be called a modern story of farmers and snakes.

Maintaining the stability of the South China Sea is in line with the national interests of the region

The Asia-Pacific region is the most dynamic zone of the global economy, and maintaining the stability and prosperity of this region is not only in the national interests of the region, but also conducive to global economic development. The Marcos government relies on forces outside the domain name to deliberately infringe, provocation and smear the South China Sea. Some countries outside the domain name continue to encourage and support Philippine actions based on their own geopolitical interests, aggravating tensions in the South China Sea and seriously endangering regional peace and stability.

Recently, Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar has repeatedly criticized the West for inciting fear of China. Anwar also said that there is no problem between Malaysia and China, and Western countries should not hinder the development of friendly relations between Malaysia and its important neighbor China.

Anwar’s statement reflects the common aspirations of most countries in the region for peace, development and unwillingness to take sides. Weng Desheng, a political commentator in Singapore, said that the economic development of ASEAN countries benefits from the hard-won peaceful and stable environment, and all countries should strive to maintain such an environment, and dialogue and negotiation is the best way to deal with the South China Sea issue.

Anna, deputy director of the Philippine Asian Century Strategic Research Institute, pointed out that interference by forces outside the domain name is an important reason for increased tensions in the South China Sea, which not only complicates the South China Sea issue, but also undermines the unity of relevant countries in dealing with the South China Sea issue. Forces outside the domain name should stop using the Philippines as a pawn and agent for strategic competition with China, and the Philippines should not be used by external forces. (participating reporters: Wang Xiaowei, Liu Jie, Cai Shuya)

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According to a report by the Russian News Agency on March 20, Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zakharova said at a press conference that NATO has chosen a new direction of confrontation with Russia.

Reported that Zakharova said: NATO’s top priority is to open up a second front against my country in the Transcaucasia and reignite the war throughout the region.

She said NATO was not satisfied with Russia’s conciliatory policies in the Transcaucasia region.

The report mentioned that NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg visited Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, on the 19th and called on Armenia and Azerbaijan to sign an agreement aimed at paving the way for the normalization of relations between the two countries.

Russian Presidential Press Secretary Peskov said that NATO’s attempts to expand its influence may not strengthen stability in the Caucasus region. (Compiled by Zheng Yu)

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NATO troops exercise near Russian border

According to a report by the Russian News Agency on March 20, the Polish Ministry of Defense released a message saying that the NATO Northeast Division, composed of multinational forces, practiced defensive operations during exercises held in imaginary areas near the Russian border.

Poland’s Ministry of Defense said: During the Loyalty Lecda 2024 exercise, soldiers of the multinational Northeast Division were given such a task to carry out defensive operations in an imaginary area similar to the situation in northeastern Poland.

Reported that the command department of NATO’s Northeast Division refused to disclose details of the exercise content.

According to reports, the NATO Northeast Division headquarters is located in Elblong, Poland, and its mission is to coordinate the actions of NATO troops deployed in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. (Compiled by Liu Yang)

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According to a report by the Russian satellite news agency on March 14, the Russian National Guard announced on its Telegraph channel that the Russian National Guards, soldiers and FSB border guards fought a battle with members of the Ukrainian sabotage and reconnaissance team that were trying to sneak into Kursk.

Reported that the Russian National Guard released the news that: the Russian National Guard forces involved in repelling the enemy sabotage and reconnaissance team in the Kursk Prefecture near the town of Chotkino attack.

The governor of Kursk state, Roman Starrovoit, reported at around 11:45 Moscow time that the saboteurs were attempting to infiltrate.

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One Russian was killed when he was attacked for three days before the election.

According to Agence France-Presse, March 14, officials said that one person was killed and six injured in a drone attack on the evening of the 13th in a region bordering Russia and Ukraine. This is the third night of drone attacks on Russian territory.

Reported that the Russian Defense Ministry said that 14 Ukrainian drones were destroyed at night, which is the latest round of attacks on Russian territory before the Russian presidential election on March 15-17. Russian President Vladimir Putin is expected to win the election again.

Viaceslav Gladkov, governor of Belgorod, wrote in the Telegraph software: a civilian was killed. The man was driving when a shell hit his engine. He died on the spot of his injuries.

Gladkov said the airstrikes also destroyed two houses and one medical facility.

On the night of the 13th, 11 drones were shot down in the Belgorod region and three in the Kursk region, the Russian Defense Ministry said in a statement. (compiled by Lu Di)

German media: Ukraine systematically attacks Russian oil facilities with drones

Ukraine is systematically attacking Russian oil facilities with drones and achieving results again, German news television channel reported on March 13.

It is reported that three drones caused a fire at an oil refinery in Liangzan prefecture southeast of Moscow. The new Shahjinsk oil refinery in Rostov-upon-Don was also attacked. The latter is reported to be the largest oil refiner in southern Russia.

A source from Ukraine’s State Security Service told the Ukrainian newspaper Truth: we are systematically implementing a well-planned strategy to weaken the economic potential of the Russian Federation. Our task is to deprive the enemy of resources. He said the military’s fuel supply and Russia’s oil revenue for the war would be affected.

Reported that Ukraine hopes that the continued crackdown on Russian oil facilities can significantly reduce Russia’s fuel production. “Spring sowing in Russia will become very difficult, which means food prices will rise sharply,” former Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Andr é Graschenko wrote on social platform X. Fuel shortages may also push up the prices of other commodities, he said.

A total of 58 Ukrainian drones were shot down by Russian air defense systems from midnight to early morning on March 13, the Russian Defense Ministry said. So far, however, the Russian military does not seem to have found a way to deal with Ukraine’s constantly developing and upgrading drones.

Itar-Tass quoted Kremlin spokesman Peskov as saying on the 12th: our soldiers are taking all necessary measures. He said that the air defense system is operating effectively, and whether the protection of industrial targets should be strengthened is a question to be answered by the Ministry of National Defense.

Putin said in an interview that the attacks are aimed at interfering with the upcoming presidential election. (compiler Wang Ting

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Russian President Vladimir Putin said on the 13th that he would redeploy troops on the border between Russia and Finland in response to Finland’s accession to NATO, UPI reported on March 13.

Reported that Putin said in an interview with Russian state media that from the perspective of safeguarding national interests, the actions of Finland and Sweden are absolutely meaningless.

We used to have a good relationship with Finland on the whole, he said. It’s perfect. The two countries do not covet each other, especially territorial claims, let alone other areas. We didn’t even have troops at the border; we withdrew all our troops from the Finnish border.

But this is their decision, Putin said. Now that they have decided that we did not have troops there in the past, we will have them now.

It is reported that in 2022, shortly after Russia sent troops to Ukraine, Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO. Finland became a member of NATO in April last year, and Sweden did not formally join until last week because of opposition from Hungary and Turkey.

Putin’s remarks came after Finnish Prime Minister Peter Riolpo told the European Parliament in Strasbourg that other EU countries must follow Finland’s example and strengthen security in marginal areas. (compiled by Wang Dongdong)

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Putin warns the West: ready for nuclear war

Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned the West that Russia is technically ready for a nuclear war and that if the United States sends troops to Ukraine, it will be seen as a major escalation of the war, Reuters reported on March 13.

Putin accepted a joint interview with Russia-1 Channel and Russian News Agency on the 12th. The program about this interview was officially broadcast on the 13th.

In response to the question of whether Russia is really ready to fight a nuclear war, Putin said: from the perspective of military technology, we are certainly ready, the report said.

Putin pointed out that the United States understands that if it deploys US troops on Russian territory or in Ukraine, Russia will regard this as intervention. So while I don’t think it’s all in a hurry to [nuclear confrontation” target=_blank>, we are ready for it, he said.

The conflict in Ukraine triggered the most serious crisis in relations between Russia and the West since the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. Putin has repeatedly warned that if the West sends troops to fight in Ukraine, it could lead to a nuclear war.

In the interview, Putin reiterated that the use of nuclear weapons is something already stated in the Kremlin’s nuclear policy, which sets out the possible use of nuclear weapons by Russia.

Putin said: weapons exist to use them. We have our own principles.

The report also said that for the conflict in Ukraine, which has lasted for two years, Putin said that Russia is ready to hold serious talks on the Ukraine issue.

Putin said: Russia is ready to negotiate on Ukraine, but the negotiations should be based on reality, not on desire after the use of psychotropic substances.

Reuters reported last month that Putin’s proposal to cease fire in Ukraine to freeze the war was rejected by the United States after middlemen between Russia and the United States.

According to the report, he also said in an interview that if the United States conducts a nuclear test, Russia may do the same.

We may not have to consider this issue, but I do not rule out the possibility that we will do the same, he said. (compiled by Longjun)

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Beijing, July 17: An international study recently found that in January, when the Antarctic summer temperature is the highest, 57% of the melt water on the Antarctic ice shelf exists in the form of snow and mud. However, under normal circumstances, regional climate change models do not include This part of the melt water is calculated. This means that the amount of melt water on the Antarctic ice shelf is much higher than previously predicted.

Researchers from the University of Cambridge and other institutions in the United Kingdom published an article in the latest issue of Nature Geoscience that they trained machine learning models to analyze the monthly surface melt water records of 57 Antarctic continental ice shelves between 2013 and 2021. As well as mapping the snow and mud of the Antarctic ice shelf, it was found that in January, when the temperature in the Antarctic summer was the highest, 57% of the melt water on the Antarctic ice shelf existed in the form of snow mud, which is, snow soaked in water. The rest of the meltwater exists in surface ponds and lakes.

Researchers said that people usually use satellite images to map meltwater, but from the images, only meltwater lakes, etc. can be identified with the naked eye, and snow and mud are difficult to identify because it looks like the shadows of clouds. Machine learning models can use more satellite information such as light wavelengths to determine which areas are named snow and mud, making it possible to more accurately measure the amount of water melted on the ice shelf.

The study found that in the five major ice shelf areas, the amount of water melted on the Antarctic ice shelf caused by surface melt water was 28 times higher than predicted by standard climate models.

The surface melting of the Antarctic ice shelf mainly occurs in the summer of the southern hemisphere. Whether it is slush or melt water existing in surface ponds or lakes, it will affect the stability of the ice shelf and lead to sea level rise.