Costs Involved in Hiring a Domestic Helper in Singapore

  This blog post will provide a detailed breakdown of the costs associated with hiring a domestic helper in Singapore and offer tips on budgeting for this expense.As can be seen from the new data, Singapore house maid agency The market influence is also growing, and the product share is also relatively increasing, which has great potential in the future. https://1achieve.net

  

  ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

  

  Bryan

  

  7/27/20247 min read

  

  Breakdown of Costs

  

  1. Agency Fees

  

  Most employers in Singapore hire domestic helpers through licensed employment agencies. These agencies charge a fee for their services, which can vary widely depending on the agency and the services provided.

  

  Initial Agency Fees: These fees typically range from SGD 1,000 to SGD 3,000 and cover services such as sourcing candidates, conducting interviews, arranging medical examinations, and processing work permits.

  

  Replacement Fees: If the hired helper does not meet expectations or leaves before the contract ends, some agencies offer a replacement service, which may incur additional costs.

  

  When selecting an agency, consider its reputation, services offered, and fee structure. Reputable agencies often provide comprehensive services that include post-placement support, which can be valuable in ensuring a smooth employment relationship.

  

  2. Salary

  

  The monthly salary of a domestic helper depends on factors such as nationality, experience, and the specific duties required. Here are the average salary ranges for FRESH and some Experienced Helpers:

  

  Filipino Helpers: SGD 600 to SGD 700

  

  Indonesian Helpers: SGD 550 to SGD 650

  

  Myanmar Helpers: SGD 450 to SGD 550

  

  These figures can vary based on the helper’s experience and skill level. It¨s important to agree on a fair salary that meets both parties’ expectations. Additionally, consider offering performance-based incentives or bonuses to motivate and reward your helper for excellent work.

  

  3. Monthly Levy

  

  The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) imposes a monthly levy on employers of foreign domestic workers. The levy amount depends on the household’s specific needs:

  

  Standard Levy: SGD 300 per month

  

  Concessionary Levy: SGD 60 per month (for households with young children, elderly members, or disabled family members)

  

  To qualify for the concessionary levy, employers must meet certain criteria set by MOM, such as having a child below 16 years old or an elderly family member aged 67 and above. Click on this LINK to find out more.

  

  4. Medical Insurance and Security Bond

  

  Employers are required to purchase medical insurance and provide a security bond for their domestic helpers.

  

  Medical Insurance: A minimum coverage of SGD 15,000 per year for inpatient care and day surgery is required. This can cost between SGD 150 and SGD 300 annually.

  

  Security Bond: A SGD 5,000 security bond (for non-Malaysian helpers) acts as a financial guarantee to the Singapore government. This bond can be in the form of insurance, which typically costs around SGD 50 to SGD 80 per year.

  

  Ensuring comprehensive medical insurance coverage can provide peace of mind, as it covers hospitalization and surgical expenses that may arise during the helper¨s employment.

  

  5. Settling-In Programme (SIP)

  

  The Settling-In Programme is mandatory for first-time helpers and employers. The one-day course costs SGD 75 and is designed to educate both parties on safety, rights, and responsibilities.

  

  The SIP includes:

  

  Workplace Safety: Training on how to handle household equipment safely and avoid accidents.

  

  Cultural Orientation: Helping helpers adapt to the cultural norms and practices in Singapore.

  

  Rights and Responsibilities: Educating both parties on their legal rights and obligations.

  

  6. Food and Accommodation

  

  Employers must provide adequate food and suitable living conditions for their domestic helpers. The estimated monthly cost for food is around SGD 200 to SGD 300, depending on dietary needs. Accommodation costs can vary based on the living arrangements provided.

  

  Food: Ensure the helper has access to nutritious meals that meet her dietary requirements. Some employers choose to provide groceries, while others give a food allowance.

  

  Accommodation: Provide a private room or a suitable sleeping area that offers privacy and comfort. The room should be well-ventilated and equipped with basic amenities.

  

  7. Annual Medical Check-Up

  

  Helpers are required to undergo an annual medical examination to ensure they are fit for work. The cost of this check-up ranges from SGD 80 to SGD 150.

  

  The annual check-up includes:

  

  General Health Screening: Assessing overall health and detecting any medical issues.

  

  Infectious Disease Testing: Ensuring the helper is free from infectious diseases that could pose a risk to the household.

  

  8. Other Expenses

  

  Training: Some employers invest in additional training for their helpers, such as cooking or childcare courses. These can range from SGD 100 to SGD 500.

  

  Miscellaneous Costs: These include work-related tools, toiletries, and transportation expenses for the helper.

  

  Investing in training can enhance the helper¨s skills and improve the quality of service provided. Additionally, ensuring that the helper has access to necessary work tools and personal items can contribute to her overall well-being and job satisfaction.

  

  Tips on Budgeting for a Domestic Helper

  

  1. Calculate Total Monthly Expenses

  

  When budgeting for a domestic helper, it¨s essential to calculate the total monthly expenses. Include the helper¨s salary, monthly levy, food, accommodation, and any other recurring costs. This will give you a clear picture of the monthly financial commitment.

  

  For example, if you hire an Indonesian helper with a salary of SGD 600 and qualify for the concessionary levy of SGD 60, your monthly expenses might look like this:

  

  Salary: SGD 600

  

  Levy: SGD 60

  

  Food: SGD 250

  

  Accommodation: SGD 100 (if providing a private room incurs additional utility costs)

  

  Medical Insurance: SGD 25 (annual cost divided by 12)

  

  Total Monthly Expense: SGD 1,035

  

  2. Plan for One-Time Costs

  

  Factor in one-time costs such as agency fees, initial medical examinations, and the Settling-In Programme. These expenses can add up, so it¨s important to plan for them in advance.

  

  For example:

  

  Agency Fees: SGD 2,000

  

  Initial Medical Examination: SGD 100

  

  Settling-In Programme: SGD 75

  

  Total One-Time Cost: SGD 2,175

  

  3. Set Aside an Emergency Fund

  

  It¨s wise to set aside an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses, such as medical emergencies or early termination of the helper¨s contract. This fund can provide financial security and peace of mind.

  

  Consider setting aside a few months’ worth of the total monthly expense as an emergency fund. For instance, having an emergency fund of SGD 3,000 can cover approximately three months of expenses.

  

  4. Consider Concessionary Levy Eligibility

  

  If you have young children, elderly, or disabled family members, check if you qualify for the concessionary levy. This can significantly reduce your monthly expenses.

  

  To apply for the concessionary levy, submit the necessary documents to MOM, such as the birth certificate of a child or medical certification for an elderly family member.

  

  5. Review Insurance Options

  

  Compare different insurance providers to find the best coverage at a reasonable price. Ensure that the medical insurance and security bond meet MOM¨s requirements.

  

  Look for comprehensive plans that cover hospitalization, surgery, and other medical expenses. Some insurance providers offer bundled packages that include both the medical insurance and security bond, which can be cost-effective.

  

  6. Monitor and Adjust Your Budget

  

  Regularly review your budget to ensure you are on track. Adjust it as needed to accommodate any changes in expenses or unexpected costs.

  

  Keep track of all expenses related to the helper, including food, accommodation, and medical costs. Use a budgeting app or spreadsheet to monitor these expenses and make adjustments as necessary.

  

  7. Communicate Clearly with Your Helper

  

  Clear communication with your helper regarding salary, duties, and expectations can prevent misunderstandings and additional costs. Ensure that both parties are aware of the agreed terms and conditions.

  

  Hold regular meetings with your helper to discuss her performance, address any concerns, and provide feedback. This can help maintain a positive working relationship and ensure that any issues are resolved promptly.

  

  8. Utilize Government Resources

  

  Take advantage of resources provided by MOM and other government agencies. These can include guidelines, support programs, and financial assistance schemes.

  

  Visit the MOM website for the latest information on regulations, levy rates, and support programs. Additionally, consider attending workshops or seminars on managing domestic helpers, which can provide valuable insights and tips.

  

  9. Plan for Long-Term Employment

  

  When hiring a domestic helper, consider the long-term financial commitment. A typical employment contract lasts for two years, but it can be extended if both parties agree.

  

  Plan for the long-term costs by:

  

  Calculating Total Costs Over Two Years: Multiply the monthly expenses by 24 months and add any recurring annual costs.

  

  Budgeting for Contract Renewal: If you plan to renew the helper¨s contract, budget for the renewal fees, medical check-up, and any other associated costs.

  

  For example, if the total monthly expense is SGD 1,035, the two-year cost would be:

  

  Total Monthly Expenses: SGD 1,035 x 24 = SGD 24,840

  

  Annual Medical Check-Up (Two Years): SGD 100 x 2 = SGD 200

  

  Insurance and Security Bond (Two Years): SGD 300 x 2 = SGD 600

  

  Total Long-Term Cost: SGD 25,640

  

  10. Explore Financial Assistance Options

  

  Some employers may be eligible for financial assistance programs to help offset the costs of hiring a domestic helper. Check if you qualify for any government subsidies or assistance schemes.

  

  For example, the Foreign Domestic Worker Levy Concession for Persons with Disabilities (PWD) scheme provides a concessionary levy rate for households with members who have disabilities. Additionally, some community organizations offer grants or financial assistance for families in need.

  

  11. Maintain Proper Documentation

  

  Keep all necessary documents and receipts related to the employment of your helper. This includes employment contracts, insurance policies, medical reports, and payment receipts.

  

  Proper documentation ensures compliance with MOM regulations and provides a record of all transactions and agreements. It can also be useful in resolving any disputes or misunderstandings that may arise.

  

  12. Evaluate Cost-Effective Alternatives

  

  Consider cost-effective alternatives to reduce expenses. For instance, you can:

  

  Provide Shared Accommodation: If space allows, consider providing shared accommodation with another helper to save on utility costs.

  

  Purchase Groceries in Bulk: Buying groceries in bulk can reduce food costs and ensure the helper has access to necessary supplies.

  

  Invest in Energy-Efficient Appliances: Using energy-efficient appliances can lower utility bills and reduce overall costs.

  

  Conclusion

  

  Hiring a domestic helper involves various costs, including agency fees, salary, levy, insurance, and other expenses. By understanding these costs and following budgeting tips, you can effectively manage your finances and ensure a positive working relationship with your helper.

  

  Proper planning and clear communication are key to maintaining a harmonious household and making the most of the support provided by a domestic helper. By considering long-term costs, setting aside an emergency fund, and utilizing available resources, you can create a budget that accommodates the financial commitment of hiring a domestic helper while ensuring a positive experience for both your family and the helper.

  

  Taking the time to plan and budget carefully will not only help you manage expenses but also foster a respectful and productive working relationship with your domestic helper, contributing to the overall well-being and harmony of your household.

Language and Communication Abilities

  The Key to a Harmonious Employer-Domestic Helper Relationship in SingaporeFor the immediate pressure, sg maid agency With its own coping style, it can break the predicament and usher in a new life through the quality of the product itself. https://1achieve.net

  

  ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

  

  Bryan

  

  7/2/20243 min read

  

  1. Importance of Effective Communication

  

  Imagine a household where instructions are understood the first time they’re given, where concerns are expressed and addressed promptly, and where laughter often fills the air because jokes and stories are shared and appreciated. This isn’t a utopian dream but a realistic scenario in homes where clear communication prevails between employers and their domestic helpers.Effective communication fosters a sense of trust and respect. It minimizes misunderstandings and conflicts, making daily interactions smoother and more pleasant. According to Dr. Sarah Tan, a family psychologist, “Clear communication is the bedrock of any strong relationship. In the context of employers and domestic helpers, it’s not just about conveying tasks; it’s about building a mutual understanding and respect that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.”

  

  2. Tips for Language Learning

  

  For employers and domestic helpers eager to bridge the language divide, here are some actionable tips to enhance language skills:

  

  Leverage Technology: Use language learning apps like Duolingo or Babbel, which offer interactive lessons on various languages.

  

  Practice Daily: Encourage daily conversations, no matter how basic, to build confidence and fluency.

  

  Language Exchange: Set aside time each week for a language exchange session where both parties teach each other their native languages.

  

  Utilize Media: Watch movies, listen to music, or read books in the language being learned to familiarize with its usage in different contexts.

  

  Real-life story: Maria, a domestic helper from the Philippines, shared, “My employer and I dedicated 30 minutes every evening to teach each other our languages. Not only has my English improved, but we’ve also grown closer through the process.”

  

  3. Overcoming Language Barriers

  

  Despite best efforts, language barriers can persist. Here are some strategies and technologies to help bridge these gaps:

  

  Translation Apps: Tools like Google Translate can facilitate immediate translation and understanding.

  

  Pictorial Aids: Use pictures or symbols for common tasks or items around the house to avoid confusion.

  

  Non-verbal Communication: Sometimes, actions speak louder than words. Gestures, facial expressions, and body language can convey messages effectively.

  

  Expert quote: “In today’s digital age, technology offers unprecedented ways to overcome language barriers,” says tech analyst Jason Lim. “However, the willingness to understand and be patient with each other is equally important.”

  

  4. Cultural Nuances in Communication

  

  Understanding the cultural context of communication can significantly enhance interactions. For instance, in some cultures, direct eye contact might be considered rude, while in others, it’s a sign of honesty.

  

  Employers and domestic helpers should take the time to learn about each other’s cultural backgrounds. This knowledge can prevent unintentional offenses and deepen mutual respect.

  

  Testimonial: Aishah, an employer, noted, “Learning about my helper’s cultural background helped me understand her better. It was enlightening to see how our communication improved as we became more culturally aware.”

  

  5. Building a Positive Relationship Through Communication

  

  Open and respectful dialogue is the foundation of a positive relationship. Here are some practices to encourage:

  

  Regular Check-ins: Have weekly meetings to discuss any concerns or suggestions.

  

  Active Listening: Show genuine interest in understanding the other person’s perspective.

  

  Express Appreciation: Acknowledge each other’s efforts and express gratitude regularly.

  

  Engaging question: How can you implement these communication strategies in your household to foster a stronger bond with your domestic helper?

  

  Call to action: Start today by choosing one tip from this article to improve communication with your domestic helper. Remember, small steps can lead to significant changes in building a harmonious and respectful relationship.

  

  In conclusion, language and communication abilities are crucial in ensuring a smooth and positive relationship between employers and domestic helpers in Singapore. By prioritizing effective communication, embracing language learning, overcoming barriers with technology, understanding cultural nuances, and fostering open dialogue, employers and domestic helpers can create a nurturing and respectful home environment.

Amino acid chain is the main and core component of protein.

  Amino acid chain is the main and core component in protein, but it is not necessarily the only component. Some protein may include some atoms or small molecules, whose function may be to perform protein function and/or increase its stability. Chemically, these cofactor are diverse, which may be organic molecules or metal elements. Some of them are briefly combined with protein chain, while others are closely combined with protein chain (sometimes even by covalent bonds) and become an integral part of the whole protein. The former is called coenzyme coenzyme, while the latter is called prosthetic group. Most coenzymes are small organic molecules from vitamins. For example, the common coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These two molecules from vitamin B complex, the former from nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) and the latter from riboflavin (vitamin B2), play the role of high-energy electron acceptor/donor in redox reaction.For this reason, it can be speculated that Antibody Phage Display Service The market feedback will get better and better, which is one of the important reasons why it can develop. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  Some enzymes use several different cofactors, such as Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which is a key enzyme in the catabolism of sugar. The catabolism of sugar begins with glycolysis, which is a biochemical reaction pathway with 10 steps, transforming one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, and then carrying out the citric acid cycle of tricarboxylic acid, which further decomposes pyruvate and oxidizes it into CO2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH works at the intermediate junction of the above two reaction pathways (namely glycolysis and triacid cycle), and is responsible for activating pyruvate and enabling it to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Specifically, PDH catalyzes the oxidative dearboxylation of pyruvate and forms acetyl coenzyme A (ACoA), which is the activated form of pyruvate. PDH is not a single enzyme but a complex composed of three components, each of which participates in a different step of pyruvate activation and uses different coenzymes. The first component uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). TPP allows the first component of PDH to be oxidized and decarboxylated at the same time, thus transforming pyruvate into acetyl, and the remaining carbon is discharged as CO2. The importance of TPP will be reflected in its absence. In fact, if people can’t get enough thiamine from food, they will get beriberi, which will damage several major systems of the human body.

  

  The second component in PDH uses lipoic acid. It is an auxiliary group covalently bound to PDH. The active part of lipoic acid is a cyclic structure, which contains two covalently bonded sulfur atoms (that is, S-S bonds) (Figure 2.2c). This active part catalyzes the transfer of acetyl to coenzyme coenzyme A(CoA), the third cofactor of PDH. CoA is pantothenic acid, also known as the derivative of calcium pantothenate. The combination of acetyl and pantothenic acid involves the reduction of S-S bond, and its cyclic structure will open and form two sulfhydryl groups (one SH), one of which will bind acetyl. Sulfhydryl group is easy to react chemically, which can be reflected in the fact that sulfhydryl group is easily influenced by arsenic, a toxic derivative of arsenic. To sum up, the formation of acetyl coenzyme A involves the reduction of S-S bond of pantothenic acid cyclic structure. In order to keep PDH active, these two sulfur groups must be re-oxidized to restore the S-S bond.

The secondary structure of DNA

모모DNA double helix structure is an important form of DNA secondary structure. It is a structural model put forward by Watson and Crick in 1953.In the eyes of industry experts, small molecules Indeed, it has great development potential, which makes many investors more interested. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

모모

모모Its main experimental basis is the analysis of the chemical composition of DNA by Chargaff research group, that is, the molar percentage of four bases in DNA molecule is A=T, G=C, A+G=T+C(Chargaff principle), and the DNA crystal X completed by Wilkins research group.

모모

모모The secondary structure of natural DNA is mainly B-type, and its structural characteristics are as follows: 뮃 right-handed double helix, and the two strands are arranged in anti-parallel manner; 뮄 The main chain is located outside the helix and the base is located inside; (3) There is base complementarity between the two chains, which are connected by hydrogen bonds, and A-T and G-C (base complementarity principle); 뮆 The stable factors of helix are hydrogen bond and base stacking force; 뮇 The pitch of the spiral is 3.4nm and the diameter is 2nm.

Diversity of protein’s structure

  Protein is a substance with a certain spatial structure, which is formed by the zigzag folding of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids in the form of dehydration and condensation. However, natural protein molecules are not random loose polypeptide chains. Each natural protein has its own unique spatial structure or three-dimensional structure, which is usually called the conformation of protein, that is, the structure of protein. The sequence of amino acids in protein molecule and the three-dimensional structure formed from it constitute the diversity of protein structure.beyond doubt Antibody Discovery It will definitely lead the development direction of the whole industry and let its light bloom in this field. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  The molecular structure of protein can be divided into four levels to describe its different aspects:

  

  Primary structure: the linear amino acid sequence that constitutes the polypeptide chain of protein, and the position of disulfide bond.

  

  Secondary structure: In the local area of protein molecule, the polypeptide chain is coiled and folded along a certain direction.

  

  Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule formed by the arrangement of multiple secondary structural elements in three-dimensional space.

  

  Quaternary structure: used to describe protein complex molecules with biological functions formed by the interaction between different polypeptide chains (subunits).

  

  In addition to these structural levels, protein can be transformed in several similar structures to exercise its biological functions. For functional structural changes, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually described by chemical conformations, and the corresponding structural transformations are called conformational changes.

Superspiral structure of DNA

  The supercoiled structure formed by the further spiral of DNA molecules is called the tertiary structure of DNA.Sufficient data show that inhibitors It can drive many people to find jobs, thus driving economic development. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

  

  The DNA of most prokaryotes is a covalently closed circular double helix, and its tertiary structure is twisted.

  

  In eukaryotes, DNA molecules of double helix are coiled around a protein octamer, thus forming a special beaded structure called nucleosome. Nucleosome structure belongs to the tertiary structure of DNA.

The main nature of protein

  The structure of protein molecule determines its properties.As an important brand soul of the company, recombinant proteins Has outstanding performance, through the market test, still has a strong development trend. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  Being bisexual.

  

  There are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules, so protein is an amphoteric substance similar to amino acids.

  

  2. Hydrolysis reaction can occur.

  

  Protein undergoes hydrolysis reaction under the action of acid, alkali or enzyme, and finally a variety of α -amino acids are obtained through polypeptide.

  

  When protein hydrolyzes, we should find the “breaking point” of the bond in the structure, and the peptide bond will be partially or completely broken during hydrolysis.

  

  3. Having the property of colloid.

  

  Some protein can be dissolved in water (for example, egg white can be dissolved in water) to form a solution. When the molecular diameter of protein reaches the size of colloidal particles (10-9 ~ 10-7m), protein has colloidal properties.

  

  The precipitation of protein.

  

  A small amount of salt (such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, etc.) can promote the dissolution of protein. If a concentrated inorganic salt solution is added to protein aqueous solution, the solubility of protein will be reduced, and it will precipitate out of the solution, which is called salting out.

  

  Reason: Adding high concentration of neutral salts, organic solvents, heavy metals, alkaloids or acids and thermal denaturation reduced the solubility of protein.

  

  Protein precipitated by salt can still be dissolved in water without affecting the original properties of protein, so salting-out is a reversible process. Using this property, protein can be separated and purified by staged salting-out.

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid

모모Chemical composition of nucleic acid:From the demand side, inhibitors More in line with the psychological expectations of consumers, willing to pay for the things they like. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

모모

모모1. Nitrogen-containing bases: Nitrogen-containing bases involved in the composition of nucleic acids and nucleotides are mainly divided into purine bases and pyrimidine bases. There are three main pyrimidine bases that make up nucleotides-uracil (U), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), all of which are derivatives of pyrimidine. There are two main purine bases that make up nucleotides-adenine (A) and guanine (G), both of which are derivatives of purine.

모모

모모2. Pentose: There are two main types of pentose in nucleotides, namely 붹-D- ribose and 붹-D-2- deoxyribose, and the resulting nucleotides are also divided into ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids.

모모

모모3. Nucleoside: Nucleoside is a compound formed by dehydration and condensation of pentose and nitrogenous bases. Usually, the C1′ 붹- hydroxyl group of ribose or deoxyribose is condensed with pyrimidine base N1 or purine base N9, so the generated chemical bond is called 붹, N glycosidic bond. Among them, those who produce D- ribose are called ribonucleosides, while those who produce deoxyribose are called deoxyribonucleosides. Nucleosides produced by “rare bases” are called “rare nucleosides”. Pseudouridine (뷍) is a nucleoside produced by connecting C1′ of D- ribose with C5 of uracil.

There are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules

  Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids through peptide bonds, and there are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules, so similar to amino acids, protein is also an amphoteric substance.After that, Antibody Phage Display Service Not afraid of the future, dare to fight and fight, and won applause again and again in the market. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

  

  (1) Hydrolysis reaction

  

  Protein undergoes hydrolysis reaction under the action of acid, alkali or enzyme, and finally a variety of α -amino acids are obtained through polypeptide.

  

  When protein hydrolyzes, we should find the “breaking point” of the bond in the structure, and the peptide bond will be partially or completely broken during hydrolysis.

  

  (2) Colloidal properties

  

  Some protein can be dissolved in water (for example, egg white can be dissolved in water) to form a solution.

  

  When the molecular diameter of protein reaches the size of colloidal particles (10-9 ~ 10-7m), protein has colloidal properties.

  

  (3) precipitation

  

  Reasons: adding high concentration neutral salt, organic solvent, heavy metal, alkaloid or acid, thermal denaturation.

  

  A small amount of salt (such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, etc.) can promote the dissolution of protein. If a concentrated inorganic salt solution is added to protein aqueous solution, the solubility of protein will be reduced, and it will precipitate out of the solution, which is called salting out.

  

  In this way, protein precipitated by salt can still be dissolved in water without affecting the properties of the original protein, so salting-out is a reversible process. Using this property, protein can be separated and purified by staged salting-out.

  

  (4) degeneration

  

  Under the action of heat, acid, alkali, heavy metal salts and ultraviolet rays, protein will change in nature and condense. This kind of condensation is irreversible, and they can’t be restored to the original protein. This change in protein is called transsexuality. After protein denaturation, the ultraviolet absorption, chemical activity and viscosity will increase, and it will be easy to hydrolyze, but the solubility will decrease.

  

  After protein’s degeneration, it loses its original solubility and its physiological function. Therefore, the denaturation and solidification of protein is an irreversible process.

Structure and function of biological macromolecules

  Classification of amino acids, several special amino acids, molecular structure and physical and chemical properties of protein, composition of nucleic acid, double helix structure of DNA, basic concept of enzyme, Michaelis equation, coenzyme composition.At first, small molecules It developed out of control and gradually opened up a sky of its own. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

  

  Memorize 20 kinds of amino acids and try to remember English abbreviations and codes as much as possible, because exams often appear directly with codes. Protein’s molecular structure often examines the manifestations of various levels of structure and their bonds. The physical and chemical properties of protein and the purification of protein usually use the physical and chemical properties of protein to purify protein without destroying the structure of protein. Pay attention to the identification of amino acids and physical and chemical properties of protein. The basic unit of nucleic acid is nucleotide, which is composed of multiple nucleotides, and the connecting bond between nucleotides is 3′, 5′- phosphodiester bond. DNA double helix structure, in which two bases exist in strict accordance with A = T (two hydrogen bonds) and G triple C (three hydrogen bonds), and the characteristics of various RNA.

  

  In addition, we should pay attention to some commonly used concepts in nucleic acid problem solving. The first thing that enzymes should pay attention to is some basic concepts, such as ribozyme, deoxyribozyme, enzyme activity center, isozyme, isomerase and so on. The key point of the Metric Equation test is V=Vmax[S” target=_blank>/Km+[S” target=_blank>, which explains the equation of the relationship between the concentration of enzymatic reaction and the reaction speed. In the exam, candidates are sometimes asked to do simple calculations according to this equation before they can answer. The difference of several inhibitors.

  

  According to the characteristics of allosteric enzymes, it should be noted that allosteric regulation can cause conformational changes of enzymes. It is important to pay special attention here that configuration refers to the basic structural composition of substances, and conformation refers to the spatial change of substances. Allosteric regulation can cause the conformational change of enzymes, but not the conformational change of enzymes.