Monthly Archives: August 2024

　　In the process of international express delivery, in addition to the basic freight, there are often various additional fees involved.Before that, freight forwarder The market has also soared for a time, which has attracted the attention of a wide range of investors. https://www.freeseaship.com/

　　Although these fees may seem insignificant, if you don’t understand them clearly in advance, it is easy to encounter “unexpected” expenses during the delivery process, which is a headache.

　　ocean freight surcharges

　　Therefore, before sending international express, it is particularly important to understand the types and causes of these additional fees. This article will explain in detail the common surcharges in international express, helping you to easily avoid the embarrassment of “stepping on thunder”.

　　Surcharges

　　First of all, we need to understand what surcharges are? Will there be any? Who will collect them? These are basic questions.

　　Surcharges refer to additional fees that need to be paid for additional matters or specific services on the basis of the original main fees, which are officially stipulated and collected by international express delivery.

　　Of course, surcharges are not incurred on all routes, nor are they imposed for every mailing. Surcharges are only charged if certain restrictions are met on a certain mailing route.

　　ocean freight surcharges

　　Common surcharges

　　1. Warehouse queuing fee

　　If there are too many goods and too few aircraft spaces, you need to book the space in advance. The warehouse queuing fee is the storage fee incurred when the package is waiting to be boarded.

　　2. Overweight and overlength fees

　　For a single package, if the weight or single/double/circumference exceeds a certain limit, some express routes will charge an overweight and overlength fee for each express shipment.

　　3. Remoteness Fee

　　When the destination or pickup location is in a remote area, some express routes will charge a remoteness fee for each express shipment.

　　Remote areas refer to islands and plateaus; or areas where postal services are not available; or suburbs/towns that are remote, inconvenient to transport, and have fewer services.

　　4. Fuel fee

　　Fuel fee is an additional fee added to the remoteness fee or over-length and overweight fee. It is generally not charged separately and is also charged by the airline.

　　ocean freight surcharges

　　5. Live-charge fee

　　When the parcel contains live-charged items, some express routes will charge a live-charge fee for each shipment.

　　For example, DHL charges a live-charge fee of RMB 30 for each shipment containing live-charged items.

　　6. Peak Season Surcharge

　　During the epidemic, passenger and cargo airlines have limited export cargo capacity. As domestic demand for export capacity has also grown rapidly.

　　Airlines charge temporary route adjustment fees for export cargo to control cargo volume and maintain a balance of capacity.

　　7. Delivery fee

　　Generally there are two types of delivery fees:

　　1. If the customer’s address is in a remote area, a remote fee + fuel fee will be charged

　　2. Fees incurred for repeated delivery on some routes or delivery with a changed address

　　How to avoid pitfalls

　　There are many types of surcharges in international express delivery. The sender must understand the reasons and charging standards for each fee before sending the express.

　　Before placing an order, you must understand whether the items and routes you are sending include surcharges, so that you can avoid pitfalls as much as possible.

　　At the same time, it is also recommended that senders pay attention to the service quality and after-sales guarantee when choosing a courier company in addition to considering the price factor, so as to ensure that their rights and interests are fully protected.

　　In today¨s fast-paced world, having a reliable source of power is crucial. Whether you¨re camping, facing a power outage, or need backup power for your outdoor adventures, the 3000W/3108Wh Packsico Portable Power Station is a game-changer. This powerful and versatile device provides a robust solution to your energy needs, combining high capacity with exceptional performance. In this blog post, we¨ll explore the key features and benefits of the Packsico Portable Power Station and why it stands out in the market.For the immediate pressure, packsico portable power station manufacturer With its own coping style, it can break the predicament and usher in a new life through the quality of the product itself. https://www.packsico.com/

　　1. Unmatched Power Capacity

　　The packsico portable power station boasts an impressive 3000W output and 3108Wh capacity, making it one of the most powerful portable power stations available. This substantial capacity allows you to run a variety of devices, from small electronics to larger appliances, ensuring that you have the power you need when you need it most. Whether you¨re using it to power essential devices during a blackout or to run appliances at a remote campsite, the Packsico delivers reliable performance.

　　2. Versatile Charging Options

　　One of the standout features of the Packsico Portable Power Station is its versatility in charging options. It comes equipped with multiple output ports, including AC outlets, DC carports, and USB ports. This variety ensures that you can charge and power a wide range of devices, including laptops, smartphones, refrigerators, and more. Additionally, the station supports pass-through charging, allowing you to charge the power station while simultaneously powering your devices.

　　3000W Packsico power station

　　3. Compact and Portable Design

　　Despite its high capacity, the Packsico Portable Power Station is designed with portability in mind. Its compact size and built-in handle make it easy to carry and transport. This design is perfect for outdoor enthusiasts, RV travelers, or anyone who needs a portable power source. The durable construction ensures that the power station can withstand rugged conditions, making it an excellent choice for various environments.

　　4. Advanced Safety Features

　　Safety is a top priority with the Packsico Portable Power Station. It incorporates advanced safety features, including short circuit protection, over-temperature protection, and overload protection. These features help to ensure that the power station operates safely and reliably, protecting both the unit and your devices. The intuitive LED display provides real-time information on battery status and power usage, allowing you to monitor the system¨s performance easily.

　　5. Eco-Friendly and Cost-Effective

　　The Packsico Portable Power Station is an eco-friendly solution for your power needs. It utilizes lithium-ion battery technology, which is more efficient and longer-lasting compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. Additionally, the power station helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, making it a more sustainable choice. Over time, it can also prove to be cost-effective, as you won¨t need to purchase disposable batteries or fuel for generators.

　　Conclusion

　　The 3000W/3108Wh Packsico Portable Power Station is a powerful, versatile, and reliable solution for all your energy needs. Its impressive capacity, multiple charging options, and portable design make it an essential tool for outdoor adventures, emergency situations, and everyday use. With advanced safety features and eco-friendly technology, the Packsico Portable Power Station stands out as a top choice for those seeking a high-performance power solution. Invest in the Packsico Portable Power Station today and experience the convenience and reliability of having power on demand.

　　High-frequency industrial reader works in 13.56MHz band, which can directly pass through most nonmetallic materials (such as wood, paper, etc.) and is suitable for various environments.By comparison, it can be seen that rfid tag It has certain advantages and great cost performance. https://www.vanchrfid.com/

　　Working principle of high frequency integrated reader

　　The integrated reader integrates the reader-writer module and the reader-writer antenna, and uses the transmission characteristics of inductive or electromagnetic coupling to transmit energy through the inductive coupling of antenna coils, thus realizing automatic identification of the recognized object.

　　Characteristics of integrated reader-writer

　　1. Compact design

　　Integrated RFID reader integrates all components into a single shell, so it is usually more compact. This design makes the installation easier, especially suitable for the environment with limited space.

　　2. Simple deployment

　　Because all components are in one device, the deployment of industrial integrated RFID reader is usually relatively simple. Users only need to deal with one device, which reduces the complexity of installation and configuration.

　　3, easy to maintain

　　One-piece structure usually makes maintenance easier. Because all components are in one device, troubleshooting and maintenance are usually more intuitive and easy to carry out.

　　Different applications of different types of industrial readers

　　The integrated industrial reader can be used in industrial production lines, reading and recording all kinds of information of production line equipment, and realizing automatic control and monitoring; It can also be used in warehouse management, such as warehouse entry and exit management, inventory counting, etc. At the same time, it can also be used to manage tools and molds in industrial production lines, and track and manage the status and use of tools in real time. Different scenarios have different requirements for the performance and size of the reader. The following are several typical field applications of the reader.

　　Industrial RFID reader

　　1. Strip integrated reader/writer

　　The high-frequency medium-power strip industrial read head AR2201X adopts the medium-power strip read head of Modbus communication protocol. Based on the stable medium-power HF radio frequency module, it has high and stable reading and writing performance, and the working frequency band is 13.56MHz, which supports the reading of NXP I-CODE 2, I-CODE SLI and other labels conforming to the ISO15693 international standard protocol format.

　　The long strip reader can be installed and used in industrial fields such as production line and automatic sorting system, for example, the long strip reader is installed above or on the side of the production line, and the label is fixed on the product tray or on the product. When the product/tray enters the reading and writing range, the industrial RFID reader will automatically read the tag data and then feed back the information to the RFID production line management system. Make the industrial production process management more information-based, transparent, and the data more accurate, and reduce the production cost while ensuring the quality of products.

　　2. Wall-mounted integrated reader

　　AR1301X, a high-frequency micro-power industrial reader, is an industrial-grade RFID micro-power wall-mounted reader using Modbus communication protocol. Based on the development of micro-power RF module, it adopts the integrated design of reader and antenna, and its working frequency band is 13.56MHz, which supports the reading of NXP I-CODE 2, I-CODE SLI and other labels conforming to ISO15693 international standard protocol format.

　　Wall-mounted readers are usually used in industrial fields such as warehouse logistics, parts assembly production line, etc. Generally, the wall-mounted readers are installed on the station site, and the labels are installed on the tooling board of the shuttle bus. Through RFID acquisition technology, the unmanned automatic real-time identification of material handling information is completed, and the rapid acquisition of warehouse logistics information is completed by using RFID accurately and quickly.

　　3. Thread integrated reader/writer

　　AR1431X, a high-frequency micro-power integrated thread reader, supports the Modbus communication protocol as an industrial reader, with a working frequency band of 13.56MHz, and supports the reading of NXP I-CODE 2, I-CODE SLI and other labels conforming to the ISO15693 international standard protocol format.

　　Thread reader is smaller, and it is often used in industrial fields such as tool management and die life management. It can be fixed to the use position by using two nuts that come with the product. You can also rely on the thread of the product to directly screw into the installation position (you can choose to install it flush or not according to the field environment or reading distance), identify the use times of tools/molds, and improve the efficiency of asset management.

¡¡¡¡Walking on the street, people are passing by gracefully or striding, and the carefully crafted advertising slogans on red, yellow and blue professional umbrella are also moving forward: ¡°Confucius Mansion Banquet Wine is mellow and crispy¡±, ¡°A taste of Huangshan is high and cloudless¡±, ¡°Green Card accompanies you around the world¡±¡­ This flowing scenery is no worse than the TV screen. It is so gentle that passers-by can easily remember the products, the manufacturers, and the many benefits of the products. Therefore, umbrellas promote economic development. Isn¡¯t this the ¡°market love¡± of umbrellas?Under people’s attention umbrella Finally grow into what people need, born for the market and come for the demand. https://topumbrella.cc/

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡professional umbrella

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¡¡¡¡Prediction

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¡¡¡¡According to legend, professional umbrella can also predict a person¡¯s luck. If an umbrella falls on the ground, do not pick it up yourself, otherwise bad luck will come. If you open it on a sunny day, it will be a bad omen. Do not open it indoors. It is best to open it indoors.

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Code words

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¡¡¡¡The UK began using umbrellas only in the 18th century. The Bernas umbrella was once a special item for women, which expressed women¡¯s attitude towards love. Holding the umbrella upright means being faithful to love; holding the open umbrella in the left hand means holding the umbrella tightly. Slowly shaking the umbrella means lack of confidence or distrust; leaning the umbrella on the right shoulder means not wanting to see you again.

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¡¡¡¡Social significance

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡In ancient China, umbrellas symbolized power for emperors, generals, and dignitaries, as clearly recorded in the ¡°Book of Jin¡± and ¡°Yufuzhi¡± in Zuo Zhuan. The records show a strict hierarchy associated with their use. The materials, colors, and sizes of umbrellas are like the black gauze on the head and the court dress on the body, which also distinguish the official positions. For example, in the Han Dynasty, it was stipulated that the nine ministers and three officials who ate more than 2,000 stones of millet used black. The officials who were not allowed to wear black clothes were all allowed to wear blue. Therefore, in ancient times, the sedan chairs or cars that the emperors or high officials rode on when they went on tours all had umbrella covers to show that they ¡°shaded the people.¡± Therefore, this kind of umbrella is also called ¡°cool umbrella¡±, ¡°Luo umbrella¡±, ¡°all people¡¯s umbrella¡±, and ¡°Huagai¡± in written language.

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¡¡¡¡professional umbrella

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¡¡¡¡Two-fold umbrellas

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡T151 Bronze Chariot and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, and the ¡°Huagai¡± in T131 A Thousand Miles Alone, are both symbols of the identity of the umbrella user. The most magnificent and fully expressed use of umbrellas in ceremonials may be the ¡°Ming People Going Out on Police and Entering the Imperial Court¡± issued by Taiwan Province. Two five-piece sheets also have partial enlarged pictures. In the second stamp of the imperial court, there are five ¡°Luo umbrellas¡± in red, green, yellow, blue and white, which are colorful. In the third and fifth stamps of the ¡°Police Outing¡±, there are some symmetrical left and right temporarily closed and carried on the shoulders, and some are open in the middle and marching, which are bustling and magnificent. Because umbrellas symbolize wealth and honor, there is also a custom of holding umbrellas in folk weddings in the East. This is vividly depicted in the folk wedding stamps issued in Macau and North Korea.

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¡¡¡¡The umbrella is not only a decoration for government ceremonies, but also a common prop in opera, singing and dancing, and acrobatics. The first stamp of the ¡°Legend of the White Snake¡± issued by Taiwan Province in 1983 reflects the scene of ¡°borrowing an umbrella from West Lake¡±, which is this umbrella. The imperial court also used umbrellas as props. Many Chinese and foreign stamps reflect national folk art that features umbrellas as central props.

　　April 9-11, 2024,Vanch is pleased to announce the successful conclusion of participation in the RFID Industry Exhibition.RFID Journal LIVE! is the world¨s largest conference and exhibition focused on radio frequency identification and related technologies. There are more than 100 exhibitors from 26 countries showcasing best-in-class RFID tags, readers, software and implementation services,to provide people with the rfid industry’s most innovative products.We are honored to be able to participate in this exhibition and showcase cutting-edge products and explore emerging trends in the RFID sector.In view of the actual needs of society, rfid module supplier We need to change some original problems to better serve the society and benefit people. https://www.vanchrfid.com/

　　Vanch is a professional RFID hardware manufacturer and solution provider. At this exhibition, Vanch showcased the most powerful RFID industrial reader, which supports MODBUS and PROFINET protocols, enabling seamless data collection with PLCs from Siemens, Mitsubishi, and Omron for radio frequency identification. Additionally, we introduced new Bluetooth handheld devices and card issuing machines, empowering rapid inventory for retail and asset management.

　　Throughout the exhibition, our team engaged in insightful discussions with industry peers, experts, and prospective clients. We exchanged ideas, shared industry insights, and explored potential collaborations to address the evolving needs of the market.

　　The highlight of our participation was the direct interaction with the attendees and even the fact that many customers purchased our products on-site. The enthusiasm and interest shown by the participants is a testament to our expertise in the RFID field.

　　Looking back on the exhibition, Vanch considers it a resounding success. We extend our gratitude to all who visited our booth, interacted with our team, and contributed to making this event a memorable experience.

　　As we move forward, Vanch remains committed to driving innovation, delivering unparalleled solutions, and forging lasting partnerships within the RFID industry. We eagerly anticipate future opportunities to collaborate and showcase our advancements on a global scale.

　　For more information about the exhibition please see the link:https://rfidjournallive.com/about/overview/

　　For more information about our products, please contact us.

　　The sishun umbrellas is an indispensable companion in your life.So, I believe carbon fibre umbrella In the future, it will be promising to create a miracle belonging to the industry. https://topumbrella.cc/

　　Over time, Blue Bottle Coffee has become synonymous with taste and quality coffee. They select the

　　finest coffee beans, undergo strict roasting and refinement, and bring a taste feast to coffee lovers.

　　This time, Blue Bottle Coffee has infused their unique elements into the umbrella, themed around

　　this concept. This umbrellas is not just a simple sunshade tool but also a symbol of lifestyle.

　　umbrellas

　　With an umbrellas, comes a sense of graceful tranquility.

　　umbrellas

　　Every detail is infused with our passion and professionalism, from the handle to the top

　　of the umbrellas, showcasing our relentless pursuit of perfection.

　　Not only beautiful but also highly practical. With this umbrellas, you can maintain your

　　composure and enjoy life in any weather conditions.

　　Elegant appearance and outstanding performance allow you to maintain style in any

　　When it comes to staying protected from the sun¨s rays, a reliable umbrella is a must-have accessory. However, not all umbrellas are created equal. The design of the handle plays a significant role in the overall comfort and functionality of sun protection umbrellas. In recent years, umbrellas with curved handles have gained popularity for their ergonomic benefits and improved user experience. Here¨s why a curved handle design enhances comfort and functionality in sun protection umbrellas:precisely because umbrella The rapid development of, so also brought new opportunities to the industry. https://topumbrella.cc/

　　curved handle umbrellas

　　TU2145 Curved handle sun protection straight umbrella

　　1. Ergonomic Comfort

　　The primary advantage of a curved handle design in sun protection umbrellas is ergonomic comfort. Unlike straight handles, which can strain the wrist and hand muscles over time, curved handles are specifically shaped to fit the natural contours of the hand. This ergonomic design reduces strain and fatigue, allowing for a more relaxed and comfortable grip, especially during prolonged use.

　　curved handle umbrellas

　　2. Improved Grip Stability

　　Curved handles provide improved grip stability compared to straight handles. The curvature of the handle allows for a more secure and firm hold, minimizing the risk of the umbrella slipping from your grasp, particularly in windy conditions or when handling other items simultaneously. This enhanced grip stability adds to the overall safety and usability of the umbrella, ensuring reliable sun protection without constant adjustments.

　　3. Enhanced Maneuverability

　　The ergonomic shape of a curved handle enhances the maneuverability of sun protection umbrellas. Whether you¨re navigating through crowded streets, stepping in and out of vehicles, or simply adjusting the umbrella¨s position to shield from the sun, the curved handle allows for smoother and more controlled movements. This ease of maneuverability contributes to a more enjoyable user experience, particularly in urban environments or during outdoor activities.

　　4. Versatile Handling Positions

　　Another benefit of a curved handle design is its versatility in handling positions. Unlike straight handles, which typically offer only one or two grip options, curved handles allow for multiple gripping angles. This versatility enables users to adjust their grip based on comfort preferences or changing environmental conditions, such as adjusting the angle of the umbrella to maximize sun protection without straining the wrist.

　　5. Aesthetic Appeal

　　Beyond functionality, curved handle umbrellas often boast an aesthetic appeal that complements their ergonomic design. The curved shape adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to the umbrella¨s overall appearance, making it a stylish accessory for both casual outings and formal occasions. This aesthetic appeal enhances the umbrella¨s attractiveness as a fashion statement while still prioritizing comfort and functionality.

　　6. Durability and Longevity

　　Many umbrellas with curved handles are crafted from high-quality materials that enhance durability and longevity. The ergonomic design minimizes stress on the handle and shaft joints, reducing the risk of structural damage over time. Additionally, the use of durable materials ensures that the umbrella remains resilient against wear and tear, providing reliable sun protection season after season.

　　7. Innovative Features Integration

　　Curved handle umbrellas often integrate innovative features that enhance their functionality further. These may include auto-open mechanisms for quick deployment, UV-resistant fabrics for enhanced sun protection, and wind-resistant designs for added durability in adverse weather conditions. The ergonomic handle design complements these features by ensuring that users can easily and comfortably access and utilize them when needed.

　　Eyes are the windows of the human soul. Similarly, headlights are like the eyes of heavy trucks. Whether it is day or night, driving lights are crucial for vehicles. They can not only help you see the road clearly, but also remind the other party of the oncoming car, which is helpful for driving safety. Therefore, timely maintenance of headlights is an indispensable part for drivers.In addition to these aspects, led strobe warning lights The performance in other aspects is also relatively good, which has attracted everyone’s attention and research. https://www.lkx-mascarello.com

　　First of all, we need to check the working status of headlights regularly. Including low beam, high beam, clearance lights, lighting, turn signals and fog lights. Every time you start the vehicle, you should check the vehicle lights. If you find that the lights are weak or bad, you must replace them in time.

　　Secondly, we should pay attention to the cleaning of headlights. Trucks are on the road most of the time, and the surface of the headlights is often covered with dust or other stains, which directly affects the lighting effect of the headlights. Therefore, regular cleaning of the headlights and keeping their surface clean are important to ensure the lighting effect of the headlights.

　　Maintain Car Lights for Clearer and Safer Driving

　　In addition, we must also be familiar with the rules for the use of headlights. If there is a vehicle ahead, the high beam should be switched to low beam in time to avoid glare to others and avoid driving risks; when turning or changing lanes, the turn signal should be turned on in advance to remind vehicles on the same road to drive in an orderly manner.

　　Finally, choosing high-quality headlights cannot be ignored. In order to ensure driving safety, the choice of headlights should pay attention to both brand and quality, and the installation should be carried out in accordance with the operating manual to avoid malfunctions. The high quality of Dayun heavy-duty truck headlights, coupled with exquisite headlight design and unique lines, injects a smart soul into the car.

　　Maintain Car Lights for Clearer and Safer Driving

　　In general, drivers must pay attention to the inspection and maintenance of headlights. Only when the headlights are bright and clear enough can we drive safely at night or in bad weather and enjoy a pleasant driving experience. Dayun heavy-duty truck headlights are bright, like bright stars in the night sky, illuminating the road ahead for truck friends!

　　Philips head screws are a fundamental component in a wide range of construction and manufacturing projects. Known for their cross-shaped slots on the head, these screws are designed to be driven with a Philips screwdriver, which fits snugly into the recesses of the screw head. The design allows for more torque to be applied during installation compared to traditional flat-head screws, making them a preferred choice in various applications.On the other hand, 304 stainless steel screws It also brings tangible benefits to everyone and feels useful. It is a model of the industry. https://shwhardware.com

　　philips head screws

　　Key Uses and Benefits

　　1.Improved Torque and Grip: The cross-shaped design of Philips head screws allows for better torque distribution, reducing the likelihood of the screwdriver slipping out of the screw head during installation. This design is especially useful in situations requiring a secure and tight fit, such as in furniture assembly or electronic device manufacturing.

　　2.Versatility Across Materials: Philips head screws are used in multiple materials, including wood, metal, and plastic. This versatility makes them a go-to fastener in different industries, from automotive to home improvement.

　　3.Ease of Use: One of the most significant advantages of Philips head screws is their ease of use. The design ensures that the screwdriver remains centered on the screw head, reducing the risk of damaging the screw or the material it is being driven into. This makes Philips head screws particularly user-friendly for DIY enthusiasts and professionals alike.

　　4.Widely Available and Standardized: Philips head screws are standardized and widely available in various sizes and materials, ensuring that they can be used for a vast array of applications. Their standardization also means that replacement screws are easy to find, making repairs and adjustments straightforward.

　　philips head screws

　　Common Applications

　　Furniture Assembly: The reliable grip and torque of Philips head screws make them ideal for assembling furniture, where a secure fit is essential to ensure the stability and longevity of the pieces.

　　Electronic Devices: In electronics, where precision and security are paramount, Philips head screws are often used to assemble components, offering a secure fit without damaging delicate parts.

　　Automotive Industry: The automotive industry relies on Philips head screws for various applications, including securing panels, components, and interior fittings, where durability and reliability are crucial.

　　Philips head screws have become an indispensable tool in many industries due to their unique design and practical benefits. Their widespread use in construction, manufacturing, and everyday DIY projects speaks to their reliability and effectiveness as a fastener. Whether you’re building a piece of furniture, assembling an electronic device, or working on your car, Philips head screws provide the strength, grip, and ease of use you need to get the job done right.

　　LED car lights refer to lamps that use LED technology for external and internal lighting in both the light sources inside and outside the car. External lighting equipment is about thermal limits and EMC. Use LED car lights to create an in-car environment with a lifespan of 50,000 hours. The structure of LED is sturdy and not easily affected by vibration, and the light output brightness will not decrease significantly during use.For this reason, it can be speculated that led emergency warning lights The market feedback will get better and better, which is one of the important reasons why it can develop. https://www.lkx-mascarello.com

　　LED car lights are suitable for various lighting applications in automotive electronics, including headlights (high beam and low beam), fog lights, tail lights, brake lights, turn signals, daytime running lights, pedal lights, instrument lights, license plate lights, door lights, interior lights, width lights, navigation, entertainment systems, backlights and indicator lights. Compared with traditional light sources, LED light sources have large differences in physical size, luminous flux, spectrum, and spatial distribution of light intensity. Therefore, LED detection cannot replicate the standards and methods of traditional light source detection.

　　What Are the Most Common Detection Technologies for LED Headlights?

　　Detection of optical parameters of LED lamps

　　1. Luminous intensity detection

　　Light intensity is the strength of light, which is the amount of radiated light within a certain angle range. Since LED light is relatively concentrated, the inverse square law does not apply at close distances. Therefore, the CIE127 standard stipulates that the conditions for measuring light intensity are A (far-field conditions) and B (near-field conditions) for measuring the average normal light intensity. The detector area for both conditions is 1cm2. Generally, standard condition B is used to measure luminous intensity.

　　2. Luminous flux and light efficiency detection

　　Luminous flux is a physical quantity that measures the total amount of light emitted by a light source. It represents the sum of the light energy emitted by the light source in all directions. There are two main methods for detecting luminous flux:

　　Integral method: Light the standard lamp and the lamp under test in the integrating sphere in turn, and record their readings on the photoelectric converter as Es and ED respectively. The luminous flux of the standard lamp is known as Φs, then the luminous flux of the lamp under test ΦDED〜Φs/Es. The integral method uses the principle of “point light source” and is simple to operate, but it is affected by the color temperature deviation between the standard lamp and the lamp under test, and the measurement error is large.

　　Spectrophotometry: This method calculates the luminous flux by measuring the spectral energy distribution of the light source \( P(\lambda) \). Use a monochromator to measure the spectral energy of the standard lamp in the wavelength range of 380nm to 780nm on an integrating sphere, and then measure the spectral energy of the lamp under test under the same conditions. By integrating these spectral energy values, the luminous flux of the lamp under test can be obtained.

　　Luminous efficiency is a parameter that describes the efficiency of a light source. It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the light source to the electrical power it consumes. For LED light sources, constant current is usually used to measure luminous efficiency to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement.