Can the eye shadow brush be used as a concealer

  There are many steps in makeup, and the makeup tools used in different steps are different. For example, when painting eye shadow, eye shadow brush will be used, and when concealing, concealer brush will be used. So, can the eye shadow brush be used as a concealer? Concealer brush is harder than eye shadow brush, and the brush head is smaller. Concealer is generally paste, but eye shadow brush is not suitable. Let’s learn more about the difference between concealer brush and eye shadow brush.Therefore, this is the choice makeup brush set The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://lsmakeupbrush.com

  

  First, can the eye shadow brush be used as a concealer brush?

  

  The eye shadow brush can’t act as a concealer. The concealer brush is to dip a proper amount of cosmetics, that is, concealer liquid foundation, etc., and then smudge the edge of the concealer, remember to use it a few times. The material of eye shadow brush is not suitable for concealer.

  

  Eyeshadow brushes can be roughly divided into five types according to the size of the brush head. Generally speaking, the color brushed by the big brush head is relatively light, which is suitable for a large area of eye socket, and the middle brush head is used to brush the middle color. People with deep double eyelids can get eye shadow on the wide side of the brush. Eyeshadow brush with pencil brush head is generally a necessary tool to draw a gradual feeling at the end of the eye. Small flat brush with long hair is mainly used to enhance the effect of key colors.

  

  Second, the difference between concealer brush and eye shadow brush

  

  1. In terms of softness and hardness, concealer brushes are generally hard, while eye shadow brushes are softer; In terms of brush head area, concealer brush head is smaller, and eye shadow brush head is bigger; In terms of usage, if you choose a concealer brush, you should adopt a point painting method, and if you choose an eye shadow brush, you should adopt a horizontal painting method.

  

  2, concealer brush is mainly used to cover a small area of the face, emphasizing accuracy, so the concealer brush is hard, which is more convenient to apply. The eye shadow brush is used to apply eye shadow, which needs to be applied repeatedly on the eyelids. If the brush head is too hard, it will hurt delicate skin, so the bristles of the eye shadow brush are particularly soft.

  

  3. When you need to retouch your makeup, you can dip a small amount of liquid foundation and concealer with a concealer brush and gently apply it to acne marks and other parts. In order to make the concealer and the base makeup blend together better, you can gently wipe the border with a cotton swab, so that the concealer can smudge better and blur the dividing line.

  

  4. The brush head of the eye shadow brush is generally larger than the concealer brush, but there are many kinds of eye shadow brushes, and each eye shadow brush is used to apply different parts. Eyeshadow brushes with large area and flat shape are generally used as a base, which can ensure that the edges and corners are taken care of. You can dip it in white or beige, and then apply it across the entire eyelid. A small flat eye shadow brush is generally used to highlight the main color, and is usually used to smear the middle of the eyelid. Eyeshadow brushes with small area and sharp shape are generally used to repair or outline.

  

  5. Concealer brush and eye shadow brush have their own strengths. If you want to create a perfect makeup, it is best to buy them together. And whether it is a concealer brush or an eye shadow brush, remember to clean it in time after use, so as to ensure that you still have a clean beauty brush next time.

How are ADAS classified

  The related functions covered by the ADAS system include lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, etc., which are complicated and dazzling. Proper classification can help us better understand and apply them.For the current market situation, car camera manufacturer It has a very advantageous development prospect and an extremely superior ecological environment. https://szdfpls.com

  

  The ^Terms and Definitions of Road Vehicle Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) ̄ released in 2020 divides the functions covered by ADAS into information assistance and control assistance.

  

  1 Information assistance category

  

  Information assistance ADAS mainly assists driving by providing the information needed by the driver, which can help the driver understand the surrounding situation and traffic environment, and improve driving safety and efficiency.

  

  According to the information type and functional characteristics provided by ADAS, the information assistance category can be further divided into driving monitoring category, danger warning category, and driving convenience category.

  

  (1) Driving monitoring category

  

  This type of ADAS mainly monitors the driving status and surrounding environment of the vehicle in real time through various sensors and cameras, and provides the driver with real-time vehicle information and traffic conditions. For example, BSD (blind spot detection), ISLI (intelligent speed limit information), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (2) Danger warning category

  

  This type of ADAS senses and identifies dangerous factors around the vehicle and issues warnings to the driver in a timely manner, reminding the driver to pay attention to potential dangers. For example, DFM (driver fatigue monitoring), FCW (forward collision warning), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (3) Driving convenience category

  

  This type of ADAS improves driving convenience and comfort by providing the information and functions required by the driver. For example, RCA (reversing condition assist), NV (night vision), etc. belong to this category.

  

  2 Control Assistance Category

  

  ADAS of the control assistance category assists driving by controlling the vehicle¨s driving state, which can help the driver reduce the burden of driving. According to the specific functional characteristics and usage scenarios, the control assistance category can be further divided into emergency response category, driving convenience category, lane keeping category and intelligent lighting category.

  

  (1) Emergency Response Category

  

  ADAS of the emergency response category mainly provides rapid response and auxiliary decision-making for sudden or emergency situations, and takes effect quickly in dangerous situations to help drivers avoid or reduce accidents. For example, AEB (advanced/automatic emergency braking) belongs to this category.

  

  (2) Driving Convenience Category

  

  ADAS of the driving convenience category assists driving by providing the functions and operational convenience required by the driver. For example, ACC (adaptive cruise control), IPA (intelligent parking assist), TJA (traffic jam assist), etc., belong to this category.

  

  (3) Lane Keeping Category

  

  ADAS of the lane keeping category assists the driver to keep the vehicle in the correct lane by identifying and tracking lane lines. Help the driver avoid lane deviation or keep the vehicle in the correct lane, improving driving safety and stability. For example, LKA (lane keeping assist), LCC (lane centering control), etc.

  

  (4) Intelligent lighting category

  

  Intelligent lighting ADAS assists the driver in driving under various lighting conditions by automatically adjusting the brightness and illumination range of the lights. For example, AFL (adaptive front light), ADB (adaptive driving beam), etc., belong to the intelligent lighting category.

How Does Android Tablet Enhance Your Gaming Experience

  In the ever-evolving world of gaming, the right device can make all the difference. An Android tablet isn¨t just for browsing or watching videos; it can significantly enhance your gaming experience. Whether you¨re a casual gamer or a dedicated enthusiast, an Android tablet for gaming offers several features that can elevate your play. Here¨s how an Android tablet can transform your gaming sessions:in fact waterproof android tablet It is more and more welcomed by our customers, and its market performance is gradually improving. https://txsongseng.com

  

  1. Powerful Performance

  

  Modern gaming android tablets are equipped with high-performance processors and GPUs that handle even the most demanding games smoothly. Devices like the latest models with octa-core processors and advanced graphics capabilities ensure that your games run without lag or stutter. This performance boost translates into a more immersive and enjoyable gaming experience, allowing you to focus on gameplay rather than technical issues.

  

  2. High-Resolution Displays

  

  One of the standout features of many Android tablets is their high-resolution displays. With vibrant colors and crisp visuals, these screens bring your games to life with stunning detail. A tablet with a high-resolution display provides better graphics quality, enhancing the overall gaming experience by making every environment and character more visually appealing.

  

  3. Portability and Convenience

  

  Unlike traditional gaming consoles or PCs, an Android tablet is highly portable. Its compact and lightweight design means you can take your gaming on the go, whether you¨re traveling or simply moving around the house. This convenience allows you to enjoy your favorite games anywhere, turning waiting times or travel into opportunities for gaming.

  

  4. Access to a Wide Range of Games

  

  The Google Play Store offers an extensive library of games, from casual titles to high-end, graphics-intensive ones. An Android tablet gives you access to this vast selection, allowing you to discover and play a variety of games that suit your interests. Whether you¨re into action, strategy, or puzzles, you¨ll find games that fit your preferences and provide endless entertainment.

  

  5. Customizable Controls and Accessories

  

  Many Android tablets support external accessories such as game controllers, keyboards, and even VR headsets. This flexibility lets you customize your gaming setup to suit your preferences and improve control precision. With the ability to connect and configure different accessories, you can create a more personalized and comfortable gaming environment.

  

  

  6. Enhanced Multi-Tasking

  

  An Android tablet allows for seamless multi-tasking, which is beneficial for gaming. You can easily switch between your game and other applications, such as guides or messaging apps, without interrupting your gameplay. This feature is particularly useful for strategy games where you may need to reference information or chat with friends while playing.

  

  Conclusion

  

  An Android tablet enhances your gaming experience through powerful performance, high-resolution displays, portability, and access to a diverse range of games. Its ability to support various accessories and provide smooth multi-tasking further adds to its appeal for gamers. Whether you¨re looking to upgrade your gaming setup or just want a versatile device for entertainment, an Android tablet for gaming is a fantastic choice. Explore the possibilities and take your gaming to the next level with a top-performing Android tablet.

Keeppower Factory is Now ISO90012015 Certified

  A new chapter is being unveiled for Keeppower Technology. We just moved to a new factory and are sorting everything out now.In some cases, Li ion battery pack The advantages will become more and more obvious, and it will be able to develop indomitable after market tests. https://www.keeppower.com

  

  We are proud to announce that our new factory is now ISO certification certified. Keeppower aim to provide higher capacity, more reliable and better perfromance products to clients worldwide.

  

  For any inquiries need ISO certification or full report, please contact info@keeppower.com or leave messages via ^Contact Us ̄ for more details.

InfiniBand vs. Ethernet What are they

  As interconnect technologies, InfiniBand and Ethernet are different, and it is difficult to say which one is better. They continue to develop in different application fields and become two indispensable interconnect technologies in the network world.In today’s market background, 400g aoc cable Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://www.3coptics.com/

  

  InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: What are they?

  

  InfiniBand Networking

  

  From a design perspective, there are big differences between InfiniBand and Ethernet. As a network interconnection technology, InfiniBand is widely used in supercomputer clusters due to its high reliability, low latency, and high bandwidth. In addition, with the development of high-performance computing, InfiniBand has also become an ideal choice for GPU server network interconnection technology.

  

  To achieve the original data transmission rate of 10Gbit/s on 4X cables, the InfiniBand standard allows the transmission of single data rate (SDR) signals at a basic rate of 2.5Gbit/s on each channel. A single channel can be expanded to 5Gbit/s and 10Gbit/s respectively, and the maximum data transmission rate is 40Gbit/s on 4X cables and 120Gbit/s on 12X cables, thus enabling InfiniBand networks to have double data rate (DDR) and quadruple data rate (QDR) signals.

  

  InfiniBand

  

  Ethernet Network

  

  Since its introduction on September 30, 1980, the Ethernet standard has become a widely used communication protocol in local area networks. Unlike InfiniBand, Ethernet was designed with the following goals in mind: How to easily transmit information between multiple systems? It is a typical network designed for distribution and compatibility. Traditional Ethernet mainly uses TCP/IP to build networks and gradually develops into RoCE.

  

  Generally speaking, Ethernet networks are mainly used to connect multiple computers or other devices (such as printers, scanners, etc.) to a local area network. It can connect an Ethernet network to a wired network through fiber optic cables, or it can connect an Ethernet network to a wireless network through wireless networking technology. Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and Switched Ethernet are all major Ethernet types.

  

  Ethernet

  

  InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: What are the differences between them?

  

  Cluster data transmission bottlenecks in high-performance computing scenarios are the original design target of InfiniBand, and it has become an interconnection standard that meets the requirements of the times. Therefore, there are many differences between InfiniBand and Ethernet in terms of bandwidth, latency, network reliability, network technology, and application scenarios.

  

  Bandwidth

  

  Since the advent of InfiniBand, the development speed of InfiniBand network has been faster than Ethernet. The main reason is that InfiniBand is used for interconnection between servers in high-performance computing and to reduce CPU load. However, Ethernet is more oriented to the interconnection of terminal devices and does not require too much bandwidth.

  

  For high-speed network traffic exceeding 10G, if all data packets need to be unpacked, a lot of resources will be consumed. The first generation of SDR InfiniBand runs at 10Gbps, which not only increases data transmission bandwidth and reduces CPU load, but also allows high-speed network transmission to offload CPU and increase network utilization.

Say goodbye to fastener worries and learn about common goods

  Have you ever encountered this situation when sending international express? You were waiting for the express delivery happily, but suddenly received a notice of return or seizure by customs?with sourching agent For example, if it continues to develop, it will definitely become the benchmark of the industry and play an important role in leading the market. https://flyportt.com/

  

  Don’t worry, today we will uncover this “mystery” and teach you how to distinguish between general goods, sensitive goods and prohibited goods, so that your package can be delivered safely!

  

  1. Why should we distinguish items?

  

  Choose the right mailing route, worry-free and efficient: Different items have different transportation requirements. Understanding their classification can help you choose the right mailing method and avoid unnecessary trouble and delays.

  

  A wise move before online shopping: Before placing an order, understand clearly which items can be mailed and which require special channels. This can greatly save your time and energy and avoid the embarrassment of buying something but not being able to mail it.

  

  fastener concerns

  

  2. How to distinguish items?

  

  Ordinary items (general goods): These items are on the “white list” for customs inspection, such as: unbranded clothing, shoes, bags, furniture, etc. They are not electrically or magnetically charged, and do not involve safety hazards, so they can be sent with confidence.

  

  Sensitive items: Special attention should be paid to these goods, such as food (especially meat and Chinese medicine), cosmetics, electronic products, medicines, powders, liquids, and luxury brands. Although they are not absolutely prohibited, they often require specific transportation channels or stricter packaging requirements.

  

  Prohibited items: These are the “red lines” that cannot be mailed, including fresh fruits and vegetables, psychotropic drugs, knives, alcohol perfumes, sprays and other flammable and explosive items. Once sent, they will not only be returned by customs, but may also face legal penalties

  

  3. Tips for safe mailing of sensitive goods

  

  Choose the right channel: Sensitive goods go through special sensitive lines or EMS routes, which usually have a lower probability of inspection for sensitive goods.

  

  Small quantities and multiple times: For liquid and powder items, it is recommended to mail a small amount each time to avoid mixing with general goods and reduce the risk of being inspected.

  

  Formal packaging: Food, especially dried meat and Chinese medicine, must have formal packaging and trademarks to prove its legality and safety.

  

  Insurance escort: Purchase insurance for the package. In the event of accidental detention or damage, you can get corresponding compensation to reduce losses.

  

  fastener concerns

  

  Are you already feeling dizzy with the dazzling array of goods and complicated mailing rules? Don’t worry, Xiaoji is always on call, and can answer all your questions about general goods, sensitive goods, and prohibited goods.

Why Membrane Switches are the Future of User Interface Technology

  In the rapidly evolving world of technology, user interfaces (UI) play a critical role in how we interact with devices and systems. As we move towards more streamlined, efficient, and user-friendly interfaces, membrane switches are emerging as a key player in the future of UI technology. Here¨s why membrane switches are becoming the preferred choice for a wide range of applications and why they are poised to revolutionize user interface technology.In the long run, touch panel The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://singway-touch.com/

  

  membrane switches

  

  1. Sleek and Modern Design

  

  One of the most significant advantages of membrane switches is their sleek and modern design. Unlike traditional mechanical switches, membrane switches are composed of several layers, including a flexible, thin membrane on the surface. This design not only provides a contemporary look but also allows for the creation of flat, smooth surfaces without protruding buttons. This aesthetic appeal is highly valued in consumer electronics, medical devices, and industrial control panels.

  

  2. Enhanced Durability and Reliability

  

  Membrane switches are known for their durability and reliability. The construction typically involves polyester or polycarbonate materials, which are resistant to moisture, dust, and other environmental factors. This makes them ideal for use in harsh environments where traditional mechanical switches might fail. Moreover, membrane switches have a longer lifespan due to fewer moving parts, reducing the likelihood of mechanical failure and ensuring consistent performance over time.

  

  3. Customizability and Versatility

  

  The design flexibility of membrane switches is another reason for their growing popularity. They can be customized to meet specific requirements, including various shapes, sizes, and configurations. This versatility allows designers to create interfaces tailored to unique applications, from medical equipment to consumer electronics and industrial machinery. Additionally, membrane switches can incorporate various features such as tactile feedback, backlighting, and printed graphics, enhancing user experience and functionality.

  

  4. Ease of Cleaning and Maintenance

  

  In industries where hygiene is paramount, such as healthcare and food processing, the ease of cleaning membrane switches is a major advantage. The smooth, sealed surface prevents dirt, liquids, and contaminants from penetrating the interface, making it easy to clean and disinfect. This feature not only ensures a sanitary environment but also extends the lifespan of the interface by preventing damage from spills and debris.

  

  5. Cost-Effective Production

  

  The manufacturing process for membrane switches is relatively straightforward and cost-effective. They are produced using printing techniques that allow for high-volume production at a lower cost compared to mechanical switches. This affordability makes membrane switches an attractive option for both small-scale and large-scale applications, enabling companies to implement advanced UI technology without breaking the bank.

  

  6. Improved User Experience

  

  Membrane switches can significantly enhance user experience through their design and functionality. The ability to incorporate tactile feedback provides users with a satisfying and intuitive interaction, similar to that of traditional buttons. Additionally, the inclusion of backlighting and customizable graphics improves visibility and usability, especially in low-light conditions. These features contribute to a more engaging and efficient user interface.

  

  7. Integration with Modern Technologies

  

  Membrane switches are highly adaptable and can be easily integrated with modern technologies. They can incorporate touch-sensitive elements, capacitive sensors, and even flexible printed circuits, allowing for advanced functionality and interaction. This adaptability ensures that membrane switches can keep pace with technological advancements, making them a future-proof solution for user interface design.

  

  8. Environmental Sustainability

  

  As sustainability becomes increasingly important, membrane switches offer an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional interfaces. The materials used in membrane switches are often recyclable, and the production process generates less waste compared to mechanical switches. This eco-friendly aspect makes membrane switches an attractive choice for companies committed to reducing their environmental footprint.

  

  9. Application in Emerging Markets

  

  The versatility and adaptability of membrane switches make them ideal for use in emerging markets. From wearable technology to smart home devices, membrane switches are finding their way into a variety of new and innovative applications. Their ability to provide reliable, user-friendly interfaces in compact and portable formats positions them as a key technology in the expanding landscape of connected devices and the Internet of Things (IoT).

  

  Conclusion

  

  Membrane switches represent a significant advancement in user interface technology, offering a range of benefits that make them ideal for current and future applications. Their sleek design, durability, customizability, ease of maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced user experience are just a few reasons why they are becoming the preferred choice for developers and manufacturers. As technology continues to evolve, membrane switches will play a crucial role in shaping the future of user interfaces, providing innovative and reliable solutions for a wide array of industries. Embrace the future of UI technology with membrane switches and experience the difference in performance and design.

What You Need to Know about Badge Customization_

  Many customers will have all kinds of confusion and questions when customizing badges or other metal crafts; they don¨t know where to start, and there are no professionals around to consult, or when considering the problem, there will always be something incomplete, which not only increases the workload in the later stage, but also wastes time and affects efficiency! Below, Karon will answer some common questions to see if there are any that can help you solve your doubts.Since then, more and more people have found that custom medals for awards The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people. https://www.karonmetal.com

  

  

  1. What format do you need to provide for the design drawings?

  

  For custom drawings, the design drawings need to provide source files such as AI/CDR/PDF. If there is no original design, high-resolution pictures can be provided. If you don¨t provide a hand-drawn draft, we can also make it.

  

  2. How much does badge customization usually cost?

  

  The customization costs of metal crafts such as badges, medals, key chains, etc. generally include mold fees + unit price * quantity, and the costs of printing technology or knife molds, packaging boxes, etc. are calculated separately. The cost is related to factors such as size, material, and technology. Of course, the larger the quantity, the lower the unit price!

  

  3. How much is the mold fee for badge customization?

  

  Customization of metalcrafts such as badges, medals, and medals generally requires mold making. The mold fee is determined by the difficulty of the design drawing, including specifications, thickness, material, process, color, etc. For example, is it single-sided or double-sided, 2D or 3D, what material to choose, etc.

  

  4. Which process is generally better?

  

  Paint and imitation enamel processes are more commonly used. Imitation enamel will be smoother and brighter. Printing can be done with a gradient effect. Real enamel can be guaranteed to remain unchanged for a hundred years. It can also be combined with multiple processes. You can choose the appropriate process according to the artwork and budget.

  

  5. How long does it take to make a sample for custom badges?

  

  How long does it take to make a sample for custom metal crafts? Proofing is generally 5-7 days, depending on the complexity of the product design.

  

  6. About the line width of the badge design artwork

  

  For badge customization, do you need to consider the line width of the design artwork? The answer is that it is necessary. The line width is closely related to the selected process. How should you consider it? Generally, when choosing enamel, imitation enamel, and baking varnish, the protruding metal line cannot be less than 0.125mm. If it is too thin, it will not be able to be colored because the position is too small. Of course, the specific parameters are also related to the overall size of the product. When the product size is more than 50mm, the protruding metal line should not be less than 0.15mm if allowed.

  

  If you want to know more about badge customization knowledge and more badge customization questions, please feel free to consult Karon.

International parcel delivery problems Returned FLY helps you avoid pitfalls

  If the international express information is filled in incorrectly, will the package be returned? Faced with this situation, many people may feel anxious and confused.Doing these simple things can also make sourching agent Sowing high-quality genes will eventually grow into towering trees and become the leader in the industry. https://flyportt.com/

  

  Don¨t panic, today FLY will talk to you about the common problems encountered in package delivery and the solutions.

  

  Analyze calmly and confirm the problem

  

  When you find that there is a problem with the delivery of a package, the first thing to do is to calm down and carefully analyze the cause.

  

  Usually, there are several main reasons why the package is returned:

  

  1. The address is filled in incorrectly or incompletely, resulting in the courier company being unable to deliver accurately;

  

  > Generally, you need to contact the post office, re-provide the detailed address, and continue delivery.

  

  > Directly return to China.

  

  2. The recipient refuses to accept the goods or does not pick them up for a long time (usually about a week);

  

  Directly return to China

  

  3. Other issues;

  

  >The delivery shows that the item was signed for but it was not actually received

  

  >The card was not placed after delivery

  

  >The item was not delivered but the logistics shows that it needs to be picked up at the post office, etc.

  

  international parcel delivery

  

  For the above reasons, it is best to contact the local courier company directly to provide the courier number, correct delivery address and contact information, and request re-delivery or self-pickup.

  

  With the help of a third-party shipping company

  

  If you find it difficult or inconvenient to communicate with the courier company, you can consider seeking help from a third-party shipping company

  

  Specifically, a third-party shipping company can provide the following services:

  

  >Package tracking and tracing: Directly check the status of the package through the courier company’s system to understand the detailed reasons and location of the package return.

  

  >Return processing: After understanding the reason for the return, the freight forwarding company can assist you in communicating with the courier company to re-arrange the delivery or choose other appropriate solutions.

  

  >Change the delivery address: If you need to change the delivery address, the freight forwarding company can provide you with professional advice and guidance to ensure that the package can be delivered smoothly.

What are the applications of optical technology in artificial intelligence

  Recently, market research firm LightCounting (hereinafter referred to as LC) released a new report on the theme of “Optics for Artificial Intelligence”. The report points out that artificial intelligence has emerged in the blink of an eye. LC’s first “Optics for Artificial Intelligence” report emphasizes how artificial intelligence is changing computer architecture and networks, and optics plays a key role in this. LC’s artificial intelligence predictions focus on optics. However, the agency said that if there is one more prediction, it is: not only will optics play an important role in the development of artificial intelligence systems, but artificial intelligence will increasingly contribute to the design of these systems at the transistor, chip and system levels.In order to grow rapidly, 400g qsfp-dd Do not hesitate to change the strategy and rearrange the products, so as to obtain unexpected results. https://www.3coptics.com/

  

  optical technology

  

  The pace of innovation varies across industries. New applications are developed at a rapid pace. Most of them will fail, but some will succeed and seemingly change the world overnight. Software and AI algorithms are being innovated faster than we can imagine. At least that¨s what it seems to be to outside observers, but experts may not see it that way.

  

  Innovation in the hardware space is a more gradual but relentless process. Optical connectivity is no exception, and there is solid data to support this. The adoption of silicon photonics has taken a decade, waiting for the technology to bring truly disruptive solutions, such as reliable co-packaged optics. This will undoubtedly happen by the end of this decade, but the forecasts in this report focus on pluggable optical modules deployed in AI clusters – the dominant solution for optical connectivity today and over the next five years.

  

  Currently, more than 90% of optical modules deployed in AI clusters are used for InfiniBand and Ethernet connections. As shown in the figure below, the bandwidth required for NVLink to connect to GPUs is 4 times that of Ethernet and InfiniBand. Another bottleneck in AI cluster design is the limited high-bandwidth memory (HBM) available to GPUs, which is another factor in the 3x bandwidth increase.

  

  optical technology

  

  It turns out that optical switches can be used to scale and reconfigure its AI clusters to improve cluster performance while minimizing cost and power consumption. The research firm expects more companies to adopt this technology in the next 3-5 years.

  

  The scale of optical demand for applications in AI clusters is a pleasant surprise in 2023, and the timing of ChatGTP making headlines in late 2022 is particularly significant. Fears of an impending recession and initial signs of declining revenue growth have forced all leading cloud companies to cut spending, including investments in data centers and purchases of optical modules. Strong growth in 2024-2025 is unquestionable.

  

  The growth of business from large network equipment manufacturers is the main factor affecting the sales volume of optical modules in 2023-2025. New designs for AI clusters require more optical modules. All previous systems used only InfiniBand networks for optical connections, and most of these systems were AOCs. The latest systems based on NDR (400G) InfiniBand use pluggable 400/800G SR4/SR8 and DR4/DR8 optical modules instead of AOCs. The company also released an NVLink chassis switch designed for 800G optical connections in March 2022. The company is currently testing optical fiber NVLink internally, but these solutions should be available to end users by the end of 2024. If it takes longer, LC said it will have to lower its forecast for 2025-2029.